Global I Midterm Review

ETHNOCENTRISM The belief that one culture is better than another The belief that one culture is better than another Chinese “Middle Kingdom” Chinese “Middle Kingdom” Greeks viewed non-Greeks as barbarians Greeks viewed non-Greeks as barbarians

What is cultural diffusion? The spread of ideas, customs & technologies from one people to another Example- the use of Greek columns and arches in Roman architecture

The Agricultural Revolution The introduction of farming The end of nomadic life Rise of permanent settlements (villages) and governments Increase in population

The First Civilizations Developed along river valleys River valleys provided fertile land and irrigation for farming and transportation of people & goods Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China

SILT PAPYRUS Fertile soil along river banks Fertile soil along river banks Plant used to make a paper-like writing material

PHARAOH HIEROGLYPHICS Egyptian rulers Egyptian rulers Egyptian form of picture writing

The Nile River Provided a trade route Linked upper & lower Egypt Many villages & cities developed along the banks of the Nile Provided fertile land for farming

Achievements of the Egyptians Pyramid building Mummification

Egyptian Afterlife Pharaohs were buried in pyramids with their belongings, so they would be prepared for the afterlife

CUNEIFORM Wedge-shaped writing of the Sumerians

Geography of Mesopotamia The “Fertile Crescent” Located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Fertile land for farming Lacks geographic barriers Easily invaded

Achievements of Mesopotamian Civilizations Sumerians: cuneiform, Epic of Gilgamesh Hittites: iron-making Babylonians: Hammurabi’s Code

The Code of Hammurabi First written code of laws “An eye for an eye…” Punishments based on a person’s social class

Major Beliefs of Judaism Belief in one God (Monotheism) 10 Commandments Covenant with God

LOESS DYNASTIC CYCLE Yellow soil deposited on the banks of the Huang He River Yellow soil deposited on the banks of the Huang He River The rise and fall of Chinese dynasties (ruling families)

CALLIGRAPHY MANDATE OF HEAVEN Fine handwriting Fine handwriting Divine right to rule

YIN & YANG Forces that keep nature in balance Light/dark Male/female Good/evil

CONFUCIUS Chinese philosopher Taught that harmony in society is achieved when people accept their place in society Relationships consist of a “superior” and an “inferior”

THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA Built under Shi Huangdi (Qin Dynasty) Separated Chinese civilization from barbarian world

SILK ROAD Trade route Connected China to Fertile Crescent Long, hard journey

Geography of China Diverse geography Rivers: Huang He, Yangtze Mountains & Gobi Desert Isolated China from outside world Barriers from invaders Developed unique culture

Role of Women in China “Inferior” position Must obey the “superior” such as husband, father Should stay in the background Care for home and family

Chinese Achievements Silk-making Civil-service exams Written language

Chinese Philosophies ConfucianismDaoismLegalism People are good, society based on relationships Oneness with nature People are evil, harsh laws needed

CASTE SYSTEM Social classes people are born into Social classes people are born into There is NO SOCIAL MOBILITY There is NO SOCIAL MOBILITY Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, Pariah Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, Pariah

DHARMA KARMA The religious & moral duties of a person depending on a person’s class The religious & moral duties of a person depending on a person’s class If you have good dharma, you will… If you have good dharma, you will… All the actions of a person's life that affects his/her fate in the next life …have good karma!

ATMAN AHISMA The essential self The essential self Belief in non-violence

REINCARNATION NIRVANA Process of rebirth Process of rebirth Buddhist belief Eternal happiness When the endless cycle of re-birth ends Can be achieved by anyone

Geography of India Diverse geography Mountains: Hindu Kush, Himalaya Rivers: Ganges, Indus Difficult to unify Protection from invaders

Hinduism Buddhism Dharma Dharma Karma Karma Atman Atman Reincarnation Reincarnation Founder: Siddhartha Guatama Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path

Evolution of Greek Government Monarchy: one ruler with complete authority Monarchy: one ruler with complete authority Aristocracy: Power in the hands of a few from the wealthy class Aristocracy: Power in the hands of a few from the wealthy class Oligarchy: Power in the hands of a few from the business class Oligarchy: Power in the hands of a few from the business class

Democracy in Greece Limited Democracy: Limited Democracy: Participation in government is limited to certain groups, such as male citizens over 30 or Participation in government is limited to certain groups, such as male citizens over 30 or Direct Democracy: People participate directly in the government, NOT through elected officials

Geography of Greece Difficult to unify Made up of many islands, rugged mountains and valleys Good traders

ATHENS & SPARTA ATHENSSPARTA GOVERNMENT Democracy Military Oligarchy TRADEYesNo EDUCATION Mind, body & soul Military & athletics BOYS Educated, right to vote Military training from age 7 GIRLS Limited rights Athletics, own property

Greek Achievements Democracy Art & Architecture (realistic sculptures, columns) Drama (comedy & tragedy) Literature (Homer’s epics)

Greek Philosophers SOCRATESPLATOARISTOTLE Socratic method of questioning Human reason Set up the Lyceum

PAX ROMANA REPUBLIC 200 years of Roman peace 200 years of Roman peace Begins with Augustus Begins with Augustus Ends with Marcus Aurelius Ends with Marcus Aurelius A form of government in which the people participate in government through elected officials

PLEBEIAN PATRICIAN Middle class Middle class Merchants, farmers, artisans Merchants, farmers, artisans Represented in government by TRIBUNES Represented in government by TRIBUNES Upper class

Geography of Rome Easy to unify Peninsula located on the Mediterranean Sea Good location for trade and to conquer much of the Mediterranean world (North Africa, Asia Minor, Spain)

Reasons for the Fall of Rome PoliticalSocialEconomic Military Military Corrupt officials People rely too heavily on the government (Bread & Circuses) High taxes Too dependent on mercenaries who have little loyalty

Roman Achievements Legal System (Rule of Law and Justice) Adapt to Greek art & architecture to make it bigger and grander (Coliseum) Engineering (roads & aqueducts)

GOOD LUCK!! Use this to review! Study your notes, too! Remember to bring 2 pens & 2 pencils to your test! Check my door sometime this week for your room and seat assignment