Ch 2 Performance Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. List several salts or their ions important to body functioning. Describe roles of water and significance of water to homeostasis. Explain concept of pH and state pH of blood. List major functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Define enzyme and explain role of enzymes. Explain the importance of ATP in the body.

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Slide 2.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organic compounds carbon Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon simpler Example: H 2 O (water)

Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water Most abundant Vital properties  High heat capacity  Polarity/solvent  Chemical reactivity  Cushioning

Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Salts  easily dissociates (dissolves) in water  Vital to many body functions  Include electrolytes -conduct electrical currents

Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acids  Proton donors  release hydrogen ions in water Bases  Proton acceptors  Release hydroxide ions in water Neutralization reaction  Acids and bases react to pH 7 (neutral)

pH – power of Hydrogen no. H in substance Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measures relative concentration of H+  pH 7 = neutral  pH < 7 = acidic  pH > 7 = basic Buffers  Chemicals that can change pH

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates  C,H,O  sugars and starches  Classified according to size Monosaccharides – simple sugars Disaccharides – 2 simple sugars joined Polysaccharides – long, branching chains of simple sugars

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Contain C,H,O More C & H than O Mostly C & H Insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins Made of amino acids Contain C,O,H,N, sometimes S

Enzymes Slide 2.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings biological catalysts Increase rate of chemical reactions (via decreasing activation energy of Rx) Figure 2.16

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids blueprint of life Nucleotide bases A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine U = Uracil Make DNA and RNA

Important Organic Compounds Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Necessary chemical energy used by all cells Energy released by breaking high energy phosphate bond ATP is replenished by food fuels Get most energy from fats (over 120 ATP), then carbs ATP), then protein (varies)