Unit 3: Human Body K W L

Body Organization Cell Tissue  Organ Organ System Homeostasis: all things in the body are in balance

Provides shape and support Allows you to move Protects your organs 206 bones Provides shape and support Allows you to move Protects your organs Produce blood cells Stores minerals and other materials until you need them Vocabulary Vertebrae = backbone Joint = place where 2 bones meet… held together by strong connective tissue called ligaments Cartilage = covers ends of bone to keep them from rubbing together Skeletal System Skeleton = “a dried body”

Bones = complex living structures that grow and develop A) Structure: Outer = compact bone: hard and dense but not solid. Small canals carry blood vessels and nerves from the bone’s surface to the living cells within the bone! Inner and ends of bone = spongy bone: has many small spaces within it. Lightweight but strong Inside spaces of spongy bone = marrow: soft connective tissue. Red (produces red blood cells) and Yellow (stores fat for energy).

Diseases: A. Osteoporosis: bones lose calcium as they get old  makes them weak and break easily. More common in women than in men! Regular exercise and a diet with lost of calcium will help prevent this. B. Arthritis: “inflammation of the joints” disease of the joints that makes movement painful.

Injuries: A. Fracture = break in the bone. Simple: cracked or broken in 2 or more pieces Compound: broken ends of bone stick through skin B. Dislocation = end of bone comes out of the joint C. Sprain = ligaments are stretched too far and tear in places.

Allows movement of the body and internal organs 1. Types of muscles A) involuntary: you don’t know you’re doing it. Ex: breathing or digesting food B) voluntary: you choose to do it. Ex: smiling or walking Muscular System

2. Types of muscle tissue A) skeletal: B) smooth: C) cardiac: attached to the bones of your skeleton and provide force that moves your bones. AKA striated voluntary muscles React quickly but also tire quickly B) smooth: involuntary Found inside many internal organs like the stomach React slowly and tire slowly C) cardiac: Found only in the heart Involuntary but also striated Does not get tired

Integumentary System Skin, hair and nails Protects the body from injury, infection, and water loss Helps regulate body temp. eliminate wastes, gather info about the environment and produce vitamin D

1. Layers of skin: 2. Disease = cancer A. epidermis: outer layer. No nerves or blood vessels. Every time you rub your hands together, you lose thousands of dead skin cells! Melanin = pigment (colored substance) that gives skin its color. B. Dermis: inner layer Contains nerves and blood vessels Also contains sweat glands, hairs, and oil glands 2. Disease = cancer Cells divide uncontrollably Too much sun exposure can lead to skin cancer

Digestive System Food: provides your body with materials for growing and for repairing tissues. Provides energy Nutrients: substances in food that provide raw materials and energy needed to carry out processes Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water

Calorie: amount of energy in food Recommended = 2,000 Calories per day Food pyramid = guide to how much of what to eat Food Label = on package of food and gives info about how much fat, calories, etc are in a serving

Carbohydrates: main source of energy A) simple = sugars like glucose B) complex = starch Better than simple Recommended amount = 45-65% of calories a day come from here

Fats: Contain 2 x’s as much energy as carbohydrates 1 g fat = 9 C of energy! Needed for energy, form part of cell membrane, protect internal organs and insulates your body Kinds: A) unsaturated = liquid at room temp. (oils) B) saturated = solid at room temp (crisco) C) trans = manufacuturer adds hydrogens to vegetable oil to make it stay fresh longer but is VERY unhealthy! Cholesterol: your liver can make all the cholesterol your body needs…not a necessary part of your diet *Recommended = no more than 30% of C come from fats per day

Proteins: needed for tissue growth and repair Recommended 10-35% of C from here Made up of amino acids…must have these to do all the things your body does Your body creates ½ you need…the other ½ comes from your diet.

Vitamins and minerals: Vitamins: helpers in chemical reactions in your body ex: vitamin D helps body absorb calcium Minerals: (nutrients not made by living things) From sol and absorbed into plants’ roots. Ex: Calcium and iron

Water: Can survive Weeks without food but only days without water! Your body is 70% water Recommended = 2 L per day!

Digestive Process: break down food to molecules (very small pieces)  molecules absorbed into blood and carried throughout body  wastes eliminated from body

Diegestive Parts: Mouth = digestion begins here! Esophagus = connects mouth and stomach Stomach = turns food into a thick liquid Small intestine breaks liquid down and absorbs nutrients Large intestine = any water is absorbed into the bloodstream and remaining material is eliminated Other Digestive Parts: Liver = creates bile that breaks down fats Gall blader = holds bile and passes it to small intestine Pancreas = produces enzymes that go into the small intestine and help break down starches, proteins, and fats