The skeletal system Injuries to the skeletal system Diet and the skeletal system

The skeletal system The skeletal system includes all the bones in the body. It maintains the body’s shape and supports it, keeps it in position, and provides a structure to which muscles are attached. 3 MAIN FUNCTIONS: 1. Movement 2. Support 3. Protection 2

levers. Tendons attach to bones to muscles enabling 3 Functions of the skeleton SUPPORT Our skeleton offers support so we can move, stand up , Sit down etc. MOVEMENT Bones meet to form joints, which act at levers. Tendons attach to bones to muscles enabling a variety of movements. PROTECTION Of vital organs E.g. ribs protect heart & lungs. Can prevent serious injury during sport. 3

The structure of joints Lubricates the joint Prevents friction 4

Movement at joints Joint movements: Flexion – the angle at the joint is getting smaller. Extension – the angle at the joint is getting bigger Adduction – a body part moves towards the centre line of the body Abduction – a body part moves away from the centre line Rotation – the movement is spinning or turning 5

Movement at joints 6

Hinge Joint Uniaxial joint which allows movement in one direction Allows: flexion + extension Like hinges on a door Found at: elbow + knee 7

Ball and socket joint Allows: widest range of movement (all 5) Occurs when rounded head of a bone fits into a cup-sized cavity Found at: shoulder (scapula + humerus) and hip (pelvis + femur) 8

Exercise and the skeletal system Bones grow until you reach approx 18 years. Exercise can... Increase bone density Allow ligaments & tendons to become thicker and stronger. 9

Weight bearing exercises Bones become lighter and weaker with age. Osteoporosis is when too much bone is lost, the skeleton becomes weak and bones can break very easily. Exercise can prevent osteoporosis, particularly weight-bearing exercises such as walking, running, skipping. They put pressure on bones, increasing their strength. 10

INJURIES TO BONES... 11

Injuries to the skeletal system Fractures: 12

Injuries to the skeletal system Stress fractures: An ‘overuse injury’ from muscles becoming fatigued and not absorbing shock, OR, from increasing exercise intensity too quickly. Activities played on hard surfaces such as basketball, tennis and road running are susceptible to stress fractures. 13

INJURIES TO JOINTS... 14

Injuries to the skeletal system Sprain: 15

Injuries to the skeletal system Torn Cartilage: 16

Injuries to the skeletal system 17

Injuries to the skeletal system Dislocations: When a bone at a joint is forced out of its normal position. Result of a hard blow causing a bone to be displaced. The most obvious symptom is deformity and swelling of the joint 18

Treatment for injuries The treatment for minor injuries: THE RICE PROCESS: Rest Ice Compression Elevation 19

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And Finally.... 21

Diet and the skeletal system Diet is essential for a strong, healthy skeletal system. A balanced calcium-rich diet helps bones to grow and increase density (milk, cheese, yoghurt). Vitamin D is essential to the growth and maintenance of healthy bones and helps absorb calcium. Smoking and too much alcohol have a toxic effect on bones. 22