e.nj.gov

Active for decades in Southeastern U.S. Reported insect problem in New Jersey in 2001 Confirmed by NJFS & USFS (Dendroctonus frontalis) History of SPB

Egg Harbor River NJ SPB Movement |

Mullica River

NJ Forest Service | SPB Infested Acres in NJ

2011 NJ SPB Infestations 852 Infestations 6,789 Acres <1/2 infestations DEP >1/2 infestations private non-DEP 2011 SPB Infestation SPB Infestations Current CFMP Community Forestry Management Plan

from U.S. Forest Service NJ SPB Mortality Projections > 25% tree mortality 15-25% tree mortality 5-15% tree mortality Mortality potential without intervention

2011 | SPB Rapidly Expands

SPB Impact | Quick tree loss Trees may show signs within days of attack Pines die as quickly as 3-4 weeks after initial attack Gerald J. Lenhard, Louisiana State University, Bugwood.org

SPB Impact | Canopy Loss Changes forest type Decreases wildlife habitat Reduces recreation and aesthetic quality Increases stream temperatures and sediment buildup Pine warbler Ollie Knott, Georgia Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org

SPB Impact | Hazard Trees Dead pines are highly susceptible to rot fungi Branches and tops readily break Poses a danger to people and property

SPB Impact | Wildfire Risk Dead trees are standing fuel Falling needles increase ladder fuels Forest floor dries faster without canopy cover Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org

SPB Impact | Blue Stain Fungi Beetles transmit fungus Fungus establishes in days Woods value decreases Erich Vallery, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

SPB Lifecycle 4-6 weeks to mature Multiple generations per year in the same area Larval stage feeds on trees inner bark Galleries girdle tree Richard Kliefoth, Boyce Thompson Institute

SPB Signs | Stage 3 - Vacated Exit Holes Red crown or no foliage Clerid larvae or pupae Loose bark, blue stain Ambrosia beetle dust Erich G. Vallery Ron BillingsG. Keith Douce State Forestry Services

SPB Signs | Stage 2 – Brood Trees Green crowns fade to yellow Hardened pitch tubes Galleries with larvae or pupae New adults Erich G. Vallery Gerald J. Lenhard Louisiana State University Erich G. Vallery

SPB Signs | Stage 1 – Fresh attacks Fresh pitch tubes Adult clerids on bark Green crown Boring dust in bark crevices Erich G. Vallery Ron BillingsCleridae, Wikipedia

SPB Look-alikes Small southern pine engraver Ips avulsus Fivespined engraver Ips grandicollis Sixspined engraver Ips calligraphus Southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis Black turpentine beetle Dendroctonus terebrans 2 to 3 mm 3 to 4 mm 4 to 5 mm 3 to 4 mm 6 to 8 mm Gerald J. Lenhard, Louiana State Univ, Bugwood.org

SPB Look-alikes | Black turpentine beetle Black Turpentine Beetle Southern Pine Beetle North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org Southern Forest Insect Work Conference, Bugwood.org

SPB Look-alikes | Engraver Ips beetles Ips avulsus 2.3 – 2.8 mm Ips grandicollis 3.5 to 6.5 mm Ips calligraphus 2.8 to 4.7 mm Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org Jeffrey Eickwort, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org

SPB Look-alikes Engraver Ips Beetles I, Y, or H shaped galleries Found in the top half of the tree Rear of beetle has spines and a scooped appearance Black Turpentine Beetle Rear of the beetle is rounded Found in the lowest 18 inches Southern Pine Beetle Rear of the beetle is rounded Found throughout the tree Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org

SPB Spot Growth

SPB Triangle for Spot Growth Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

Expanding SPB Infestation Generally expands in one direction May fly and start new hotspot in adjacent forest

Effects of SPB Spot Disruption Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

Cut-and-Leave Suppression Disorients beetles and disrupts population growth Found successful in prior suppression efforts across the US and Central America

Cut-and-Salvage Suppression Decreases fire hazard Disrupts all life stages Preferred method

Successful Suppression | Winslow WMA

NJFS | SPB Monitoring Monitors SPB and clerid populations 18 Traps Baited with pheromones and turpentine Contents sent to US Forest Service Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org

NJFS | Managing DEP Lands Survey - aerial flights Map data and determine ownership Verify state lands spots on ground Mark area for cutting Cut within a week Monitor after treatment via air and ground

NJFS | Managing Other Lands NJFS communicates with Municipal liaison Municipality notifies private landowners Municipal grants available for management and restoration Ollie Knott, Georgia Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org

Detect SPB DEP Property Determine Property Ownership Prioritize Ground Truthing Non-DEP Property Confirm SPB Municipal Notification Ground Truth and Flag Suppression Area Perform Suppression Action Monitor and Report Large Infestation Consulting Forester CTE or Arborist Small Infestation Encourage Suppression Other State Agency Notification Confirm SPB Perform Suppression Action Monitor and Report Ground Truth and Flag Suppression Area NJFS | SPB Process

Landowners | Protect Individual Trees Safeguard high-value trees Treat trees with spray or injection Protect a tree for 3 months to 2 years depending on treatment Contact a licensed pesticide applicator *Only effective prior to an attack Emamectin benzoate (TREE-age) Arborjet

Landowners | SPB Assistance Southern Pine Beetle Cost-share for those participating in: Farmland Assessment Program Forest Stewardship Program USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service Environmental Quality Incentive Program Funded by a grant from the US Forest Service Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Southern Pine Beetle Case Study Proposed: Indian Mounds Wilderness 12,369 acres Easternmost point of Texas Borders Louisiana SPB allowed to follow natural course due to restrictions on forest management

July 1992, Texas | Indian Mounds Wilderness Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

Feb 1993, Texas | Indian Mounds Wilderness Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

June 1993, Texas | Indian Mounds Wilderness Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

Aug 1993, Texas | Indian Mounds Wilderness Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service

SPB in Texas | Indian Mounds Wilderness To date, SPB impacted 68% of Indian Mounds Wilderness Area

What you can do to minimize SPB impact Recognize telltale SPB signs Act quickly before SPB spreads Perform suppression Salvage and sell or utilize Restore Treat high value trees Thin your forest 2/3 of New Jersey forests are privately owned

What you can do Contact a forestry professional Certified Tree Expert ISA Certified Arborist Approved Consulting Forester Or your local: Shade tree commission Environmental commission Garden club Master gardeners County Extension Services Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org

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