Ketones and Aldehydes Properties Nomenclature Preparation Reactions Synthesis

Carbonyl Functional Groups

Large Dipole Controls Properties and Reactivity

Boiling Points Dipole-Dipole Interactions

Adrogenic/Anabolic Steroids

Anabolic Steroids

IUPAC Nomenclature Ketones

IUPAC Nomenclature Aldehydes

Classical Aldehyde Nomenclature

Preparation of Ketones and Aldehydes Friedel-Crafts Acylation (ketones) Gatterman-Koch Formylation (aldehydes) Hydration of Alkynes (ketones with oxymercuration, aldehydes with hydroboration) Ozonolysis of Alkenes (aldehydes and ketones depending on substitution) 1,3-Dithiane alkylations (aldehydes and ketones) Reduction of acids, acid chlorides and nitriles Gilman Reaction (ketones)

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Isoflavones Highly Sought After Natural Products

Acylation occurs ortho to OH

Gatterman-Koch Formylation

Oxymercuration Hydration Markovnikov

Hydroboration Hydration Anti-Markovnikov

Ozonolysis Alkene Cleavage

Gilman Reagent with Acid Chlorides

DIBAH Diisobutyl Aluminum Hydride

Nucleophilic Addition Reactions: Strong Nucleophiles

Carbonyl Reactivity

Cyanohydrin Formation

Nucleophilic Addition Reactions: Weak Nucleophiles

Acetal Formation

Acetal Mechanism

Propose a Mechanism

Use of Ethylene Glycol to Protect Ketones and Aldehydes

Synthesis

Aldehydes React Preferentially

Imine Formation

Imines and Enamines

Imine Derivatives

Wolff-Kishner Reduction

Mechanism from Hydrazone

Deoxygenation

Enamine Mechanism (same as imine mech. until last step)

Wittig Reaction: C=O into C=C

Ylide Synthesis

Mechanism

Pure Alkene is Formed in Wittig Rxn

(Methoxymethylene)-triphenylphosphorane an Aldehyde Prep

Propose a Sequence of Steps…

Provide a Mechanism

Conjugate Addition to ,  -Unsaturated C=O groups

1,2- vs. 1,4-Addition

Gilman Reagents add 1,4

Synthesis

Carry Out Conjugate Addition 1st

MCAD Deficiency, a Genetic Disease Children with any of these enzyme deficiencies have a significant risk (20%) of death during the first, clinical episode of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose). Those patients affected show episodes of acute, life-threatening attacks that are symptomatically consistent with Reye’s Syndrome and sometimes misdiagnosed as S.I.D.S. The most common of these in-born errors is MCAD Deficiency. (Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase) ~1/50 Caucasians carry the gene.

MCAD Enzyme (MCAD) is one of the enzymes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid  -oxidation, which fuels hepatic ketogenesis, a major source of energy once hepatic glycogen stores become depleted during prolonged fasting and periods of higher energy demands. Typically, a previously healthy child with MCAD deficiency presents with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, vomiting, liver dysfunction, skeletal muscle weakness and lethargy triggered by a common illness. On average, this occurs between 3 and 24 months of age.

Ackee Fruit (Bligia Sapida) from Jamaica Ingestion of the unripe seeds from the fruit of the Jamaican Ackee tree causes a disruption of the dehydrogenase enzymes needed to metabolize fatty acids. This “vomiting sickness” is a result of the enzyme inhibitor Hypoglycin A.

(R)(-) MCPA is the Toxic Metabolite of Hypoglycin-A

Wittig Approach to Both Enantiomers

Wittig Approach to (S)(+)-MCPA Start with (R)(-) Epichlorohydrin S N 2 on 1 o Alkyl Chloride?

Wittig Sequence Affords (S) (Methylenecyclopropyl)methanol

Homologation to (S)(-)-MCPA

Approach to (R)-(+)-MCPA Same Wittig Approach with Ylide Opening the Epoxide First?