Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 14-1 Invitation To Psychology Carol Wade and Carol Tavris PowerPoint Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman Metropolitan Community College-Omaha

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 14-2 The Major Motives of Life: Love, Sex, Food, and Work

©2002 Prentice HallWade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall The Major Motives of Life: Love, Sex, Food, and Work The Social Animal: Motives for Love The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex The Hungry Animal: Motives for Food The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve When Motives Conflict

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 14-4 Motivation An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 14-5 The Social Animal: Motives for Love The Varieties of Love Gender, Culture, and Love

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 14-6 The Six Styles of Love Eros –Romantic, passionate love Ludus –Game-playing love Storge –Affectionate, friendly love Pragma –Logical, pragmatic love Mania –Possessive, dependent, “crazy” love Agape –Unselfish love

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 14-7 Triangle Theory of Love Varieties of love occur because of differing combinations of three elements Examples: –Liking: Intimacy alone –Companionate love: Intimacy + Commitment –Romantic love: Intimacy + Passion Commitment Passion Intimacy

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 14-8 The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex The Biology of Desire The Psychology of Desire The Culture of Desire The Riddle of Sexual Orientation

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 14-9 The Biology of Desire Hormones and Sexual Response Arousal and Orgasm The Evolutionary View

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall Attitudes Toward Chastity

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall The Psychology of Desire Many Motives for Sex –Enhancement –Intimacy –Coping –Self-Affirmation –Partner Approval –Peer Approval

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall The Culture of Desire Sexual Scripts: –Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s age, culture, and gender.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall The Riddle of Sexual Orientation Psychological Versus Biological Explanations Homosexuality and Politics

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall The Hungry Animal: Motives for Food The Genetics of Weight Culture, Psychology, and Weight Weight and Health: Biology Versus Culture

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall The Genetics of Weight Heaviness is not always caused by overeating. Set Point: –The genetically influenced weight range for an individual, maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall Culture, Psychology, and Weight Diet and Exercise Cultural Attitudes

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall Weight and Health: Biology Versus Culture Bulimia: –An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating (binges) followed by forced vomiting or use of laxatives (purging). Anorexia Nervosa: –An eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve Goals and Aspirations The Effects of Motivation on Work The Effects of Work on Motivation

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall Goals and Aspirations Goals improve motivation when: –The goal is specific –The goal is challenging but achievable –The goal is framed in terms of getting what is wanted rather than avoiding what is not wanted

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall Types of Goals Performance Goals: –Goals framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favorably, and avoiding criticism. Mastery (Learning) Goals: –Goals framed in terms of increasing one’s competence and skills.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall Mastery and Motivation Children praised for being smart tend to lose the pleasure of learning and focus on how well they are doing.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall The Effects of Motivation on Work Self-Efficacy: –A person’s belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals. Need for Achievement: –A learned motive to meet personal standards of success and excellence in a chosen area.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall Effects of Work on Motivation Working conditions that increase job involvement, motivation, and satisfaction: –Work provides a sense of meaningfulness –Employees have control over part of work –Tasks are varied –Company maintains clear and consistent rules –Employees have supportive relationships with superiors and co-workers –Employees receive useful feedback –Company offers opportunities for growth

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall When Motives Conflict

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall Motivational Conflicts Approach-Approach Conflict: –Equally attracted to two activities or goals. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: –Choosing between the “lesser of the evils.” Approach-Avoidance Conflict: –One activity or goal has both positive and negative elements. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts: –Several choices, each with advantages and disadvantages.

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall Maslow's Pyramid of Needs Needs arranged in a hierarchy Low-level needs must be meet before trying to satisfy higher-level needs Esteem: Status, respect, power Self-actualization: Fulfill one’s potential