Introduction to Animal Science

Competency: Investigate agriculture animals in order to build a foundational knowledge for advanced animal science studies

ANIMAL DOMESTICATION Adapting animal behavior to fit the needs of people.

REASONS FOR DOMESTICATION To ensure a steadier supply of food and clothing Companionship Assist in labor

RESULTS OF DOMESTICATION Less dependence on hunting and wild plants for food A surer source of food and clothing A more settled way of life Selective breeding

WHAT IS SELECTIVE BREEDING? Selecting animals with certain desirable characteristics to use for breeding purposes

ORIGIN OF CATTLE Bos taurus- European cattle Bos indicus- Humped cattle from tropical countries. –India First brought to the U.S. by Columbus

ORIGIN OF CATTLE Major growth of large herds in great plains states because of grazing. Midwest and north central states became the main area for finishing cattle because of grain.

ORIGIN OF SWINE Sus scrofa and Sus vittatus. Chinese were first to tame pigs. Brought to new world by Columbus DeSoto took hogs westward Midwestern cornbelt states became largest hog producing area

ORIGIN OF SHEEP One of the first animals tamed by humans Brought to new world by Columbus Used by colonists mainly for wool Northeast and Western states are main sheep producing areas

ORIGIN OF GOATS Pasang and Grecian Ibex- Wild goats found in Asia Minor Goats brought to new world for milk and hair

ORIGIN OF HORSES Evolved from Eohippus First tamed in Asia or Persia Brought to new world by Columbus Horses were left behind by explorers Brought to new world for work animals

ORIGIN OF POULTRY Gallus gallus- Wild jungle fowl, ancestor of tame chickens Turkeys were probably tamed by people originally living in America

Objective Animal Science Terms 1.01 Define terms used to identify animals by sex, age, & physical traits in the beef, swine, and poultry industry

Terms Description:CattleSwinePoultry Male not castrated

Objective Breeds 1.02 Identify the major breeds of beef, swine, and poultry

Beef Breeds Angus –Black –Polled –Originated in Scotland –It is the most “registered” purebred –High in carcass quality

Angus

Beef Breeds Hereford –Red and White face –Horns –Originated in England –Docile Gentle temperament –Good foragers Efficient converters of forage crops

Hereford

Beef Breeds Charolais –White to light straw colored –Horned –Large framed –Originated in France

Charolais

Beef Breeds Brahman –Light Gray to Black or Red –Originated in India –Pronounced hump –Loose Dewlap –Insect tolerant –Disease tolerant

Brahman

Shorthorn

Polled Hereford Developed from the horned Hereford breed Originated in 1901 Warren Gammon Des Moines, Iowa

Polled Hereford

Limousin Native to the south central part of France

Beefmaster Developed from: –Brahman –Hereford –Shorthorn Developed by Ed Lasater in 1908

Beefmaster (Bull)

Texas Longhorn

Chianina (pronounced kee-a- nee-na)

Dairy Breeds Holstein –90% of the dairy cattle in the US –Black and white –Leading producer of milk –Produce about 18,000 lbs. Of milk per cow per year

Holstein

Other Dairy Breeds  Jersey  Cream to light fawn to almost black  Number one in milk fat  Guernsey  Fawn and white  Ayrshire  Cherry red and white  Brown Swiss  Solid brown

Jersey

Guernsey

Ayrshire

Brown Swiss

Identifying Breeds of Swine

American Landrace White Long Body Big loped forward ears Large litters Good mothering ability Originated in Denmark

American Landrace

Duroc Red Drooped ears Good growth rate Excellent feed conversion

Duroc

Hampshire Black with a white belt Erect ears Good muscle Carcass leanness

Hampshire

Yorkshire White Erect ears Large litters Good feed efficiency Excellent growth and mothering ability Long carcass

Yorkshire

Poland China Drooped ears Black and white Sound in its feet and legs

Poland China

Chester White Chester County, Pennsylvania Intermingled English breeds

Chester White

Tamworth English breed Ireland Bacon-type

Tamworth

Berkshire Black and white Erect ears Fast and efficient growth Reproductive efficiency Cleanness Meatiness

Berkshire

Spotted Swine Popular with farmers and commercial swine producers for their ability to transmit their fast- gaining, feed efficient, meat qualities to their offspring

Spotted Swine

Identifying Breeds of Poultry

Breeds, Varieties, Types & Classes Breed- group of related fowl that breed true for a specific trait Type- purpose for which it is breed (meat or egg type) Classes- geographic origin (Mediterranean, American, English and Asiatic)

Egg Producers Layers- chickens that produce eggs White egg producers- small in size –White Leghorns- white plumage Brown Egg producers- larger birds that are not as economical as Leghorns –Rhode Island Reds- dark red plumage –New Hampshires- red plumage –Plymouth Rocks- white plumage

Meat Producers Chickens used for meat production are called Broilers Birds used for meat production are usually commercial crosses –Example: White Plymouth Rock females mated to Cornish (English class) males

Turkeys Broad Breasted White White plumage Shanks, feet, and beak is white to pink White pinfeathers –Increases the value of the carcass Can survive better in hotter climates Good body confirmation but smaller than other breeds

Turkeys Broad Breasted Bronze Black plumage Dark colored pinfeathers Largest of the turkey varieties Poor fertility and reproductive problems –Males are not good breeders

Turkeys Beltsville Small Whites Developed by the USDA Similar to the Broad Breasted Whites Averages about 10 lbs. less in mature body weight

Commer cial Livestock Used in the livestock and poultry industry Crosses of more than one breed or strain of breeds Adds in genetic diversity –Livestock have more desired traits –Undesirable traits can be lessened Used by most producers