Chapter 2 Early People: Migration and Adaptation

The Earliest People 10,000 B.C.-1000 A.D.

Migration Migrated from the north when glaciers pushed south Climate was mild: cool summers, warm winters Land ideal for hunting and gathering Big Game Hunters Hunting tools found with mammoth and bison remains Socialized and Worked in small family units Domesticated dogs Important work animals for early people

Adaptation The climate began to change Climate changed to much like it is today: hot summers and cold winters Plants and animals that could not adapt became extinct People had to adapt Food, shelter, and clothing Adapted their old skills of hunting and gathering to hunt new animals and gather new plants Animals and plants similar to: Buffalo, elk, deer, grains, and seeds

Technology Received new ideas from people in the east Pottery Vessels improved food storage and cooking methods Bow & arrow improved accuracy & performance Old methods used an atlatl (a throwing stick used to propel darts) Smaller arrows traveled farther and the bow provided more force People began to cultivate plants, which brought much change People could grow food in addition to gathering food, which ultimately meant more food was available Picture: Prehistoric cooking pot Picture 2: Digging stick used by Prehistoric Farmers

Village Farmers About 800 years ago (1000-1200 A.D.) people began to live in permanent villages Located near water: rivers, streams Two to twenty structures within village Houses built with poles that were buried in the ground, grass, and clay Cultivation of corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, and sunflowers. Diet also included wild plants, buffalo, and fish. Diverse diet and need for so many tools leads to permanent villages. Picture: Bison shoulder used as a blade hoe for Prehistoric Farmers

Village Farmers cont. New Technology led to population growth They were successful Evidence: Storage pits: meant abundance of food Trash/discarded items: people throw things out when they replace/do not need them Trade: shells from Gulf of Mexico found Barter- to trade one thing for another without exchange of money New Technology led to population growth Picture: Storage pit used by Native Americans

Historic Tribes: 1400-1800 A.D. Picture: Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, 1541 Map: Coronado’s expedition of Kansas and America

Tribes on the Plains “Historic” in this case means that we have evidence of their lives that includes written documents. The historic period in Kansas begins when we had written records on the first American Indians on the plains. These first records were recorded by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado in 1541 A.D. Picture 1 and 2: Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, 1541

Tribes on the Plains cont. Tribes that were first found on the plains of Kansas: Wichita, Kansa, Osage, Pawnee, and Plains Apache. Tribes found later on the plains of Kansas: Comanche, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Lived in Tribes-large family units Did not speak the same language Different cultures: food, clothing Controlled certain land, but changed over time (page 33) They did not exchange land for money Map: American Plains’ Indian Tribes

Uses of the Buffalo to Plains Indians Picture: The uses of the buffalo to Plains’ Indians

Wichita and Pawnee American Indians Picture 1: Tipi village illustration, Pawnee and Wichita used tipis as temporary homes Picture 2: Pawnee Chief

Wichita and Pawnee Homes Wichita: built beehive –shaped grass lodges for homes Constructed of willow and cottonwood trees that grew in central Kansas Family built lodge, and women & children constructed it Pawnee: built round homes covered with earth Used grasses, wood, and soil for homes Everyone helped build lodge, was a community affair Both used tipis as temporary housing while hunting buffalo on extended trips Picture 1: Wichita Indian home Picture 2: Pawnee Indian home

Wichita and Pawnee cont. Crops, clothing, and traditions Crops Corn cultivated by both Pumpkin and squash mats Clothing and Traditions Was from tanned animal skins wore moccasins, leggings, and skirts Men had earn piercings, tattoos Pawnee men had distinctive hair styles Pawnees were good warriors and had war drums that were with symbols of powers, like moons and stars Picture: Pawnee Indian

Kansa and Osage American Indians Picture: Osage chief Bacon Rind

Kansa and Osage Homes Kansa and Osage came from southeast with a knowledge of bark construction Kansa lived in bark houses Osage lived in lodges of cattail stems, bark, hides, or woven grass mats Two related families lived in a lodge Picture 1: interior of Kansa home Picture 2: Osage couple outside home

Kansa and Osage cont. Crops, Clothing, and Traditions Crops Both cultivated corn, beans, and squash Both relied on buffalo, but Osage did not take tipis on extended hunting trips Osage used Black Dog Trail which had framed structures Clothing and Traditions Kansa men plucked hair from eyebrows, chins, arms, and heads Osage men shaved their heads except for a narrow band of hair on their head Both wore piercings and jewelry Osage men and women tattooed their bodies and women dress less elaborately then men did Picture: Kansa chief See page 38 for Osage Indian men pictures

Nomadic Tribes: Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche Nomadic- having to permanent home and moving around according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and land Picture 1: Nomadic Plains Indians Map: Plains Indian Tribe Map

Nomadic Tribes: Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche Homes Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche: lived in tipis Tall poles tied together at the top that were covered with hides Tipis could be put up and taken down quickly Protected occupants from harsh Kansas winds Pictures: Tipis, used by Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche

Nomadic Tribes: Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche cont. Food They hunted and gathered foods Their nomadic existence meant that they could not cultivate gardens and that food was limited Buffalo was more important to nomadic tribes than any other Plains Indians Traditions & Stories Cheyenne used animal skins as canvases to paint stories Kiowa kept a pictorial history of their tribe on hides Pictures: Buffalo hunt and animal hide painting

Nomadic Tribes: Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche cont. Clothing Made from animal hides Kiowa decorated their clothing with elk teeth, bones, shells, and porcupine quills Comanche women painted the insides of the ears and painted orange & red circles on their cheeks w/ red & yellow lines around their eyes Picture Left: Chief Satanta- Kiowa Indian Picture Right: Chief Stone’s daughter-Arapaho Indian Picture Middle: Arapaho chief, Yellow Bear

Interaction and Trade among Plains Indians Horses helped to make trade more possible Much trade took place between tribes At first there was no conflict among the Plains Indians As the Plains Indian population grew conflicts increased The Pawnee considered its neighbors enemies and ceased trade with the Osage and Kansa The Cheyenne and Arapaho forced the Kiowa and Kiowa-Apache south The Kiowa and Comanche raided other tribes As Europeans would come into the picture conflicts would arise more and relations become complicated Picture top: Francisco de Coronado, Spanish explorer 1541 Picture below: Council of Medicine Lodge