Miss Nelson SCIENCE ~ CHAPTER 12 ENERGY AND MATERIAL RESOURCES

Fossil Fuels SECTION 1

This morning I got of bed, walked to the bathroom, and brushed my teeth. Then I showered, and made myself breakfast. ALL of these things required ENERGY. The scientific definition of energy is “the capacity to do work.” ANTICIPATORY SET

S 6.3.b– Students that know that when fuel is consumed, most of the energy released becomes heat energy S 6.6.a- Students know the utility of energy sources is determined by factors that are involved in converting these sources to useful forms and the consequences of the conversion process STANDARDS

How do fuels provide energy? What are the three major fossil fuels? Why are fossil fuels considered nonrenewable reousrces? THE BIG IDEA

 Fuel – a substance that provides energy as the result of a chemical change  Energy transformation – a change from one form of energy to another  Combustion – the process of burning a fuel  Fossil fuel – an energy-rich substance formed from the remains of organisms KEY TERMS

 Hydrocarbon – an energy-rich chemical compound that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms  Petroleum – liquid fossil fuel; oil  Refinery – a factory in which crude oil is heated and separated into fuels and other products  Petrochemical – a compound made from oil KEY TERMS

 How did you travel to school today?  No matter how you traveled, you used some form of energy  The source of that energy was FUEL  Fuel is a substance that provides energy as the result of a chemical change  Such as heat, light, motion, or electricity FOSSIL FUELS

 Quickly rub your hands together for several seconds  What happened? ENERGY TRANSFORMATION AND FUELS

 When moved your hands, they had kinetic energy  The energy of motion  The friction of your hands rubbing together converted the kinetic energy to thermal energy  You felt this conversion as heat ENERGY TRANSFORMATION AND FUELS

A change from one form of energy to another is called an energy transformation or an energy conversion ENERGY TRANSFORMATION AND FUELS

 Fuels contain stored chemical energy, which can be released by combustion, or burning COMBUSTION

When fuels are burned, chemical energy is released as heat and light. These forms of energy can be used to generate other forms of energy, such as motion or electricity. COMBUSTION

 Ultimately, most of the released energy is converted into heat For example:  When the gasoline in a car’s engine is burned, some of the chemical energy stored in the gasoline is converted into thermal energy  This thermal energy is then converted to kinetic energy  Kinetic energy moves the car COMBUSTION

 The chemical energy stored in fuels can be used to generate electricity View Figure 1 on page 479 of your textbook to illustrate the Production of Electricity in an Electric Power Plant PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

Read Energy Transformation and Fuels on pages of your textbook ENERGY TRANSFORMATION AND FUELS

 Most of the energy used today comes from organisms that lived hundreds of millions of years ago!  Over time, heat and pressure of sediments changed the plant and animal materials into other substances  Fossil Fuels are the energy-rich substances formed from the remains of organisms WHAT ARE FOSSIL FUELS

The three major fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. WHAT ARE FOSSIL FUELS

 Fossil fuels are made of hydrocarbons  Chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen  During combustion, carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen from the air to form carbon dioxide and water  Combustion releases energy in the forms of heat and light WHAT ARE FOSSIL FUELS

Read What Are Fossil Fuels on page 480 of your textbook WHAT ARE FOSSIL FUELS

 Coal is a solid fossil fuel form from plant remains  Before coal can be used to produce energy, it has to be mined, or removed from the ground  Coal is the most plentiful and inexpensive fossil fuel in the United States  However, burning most types of coal results in more air pollution than other fossil fuels COAL

Read Coal in page 480 of your textbook COAL

 Oil is a thick, black, liquid fossil fuel that forms from the remains of small organisms that lived in oceans and shallow inland seas hundreds of millions of years ago  Petroleum is another name for oil  From the Latin words petra (rock) and oleum (oil)  Petroleum accounts for more than one third of the world’s energy production OIL

 When oil is first pumped out of the ground, it is called crude oil  To be made into useful products (such as gasoline) crude oil must undergo a process called refining  Crude oil is heated and separated into fuels and other products at a refinery  Petrochemicals are compounds that are made from oil OIL PRODUCTS

 Oil’s low cost in the past and its ease-of-use have made it an important resource in our modern economy  However, the combustion of oil in cars and power plants produces air pollution OIL RESOURCES

Read Oil on page 482 of your science textbook OIL

 Is a mixture of methane and other gases  Forms from some of the same organisms as oil  Is less dense than oil, it often rises above an oil deposit, forming a pocket of gas  Has several advantages  Produces large amounts of energy, but lower levels of many air pollutants than coal or oil  Easy to transport once a network of pipelines is built  Disadvantage – is highly flammable, leaks can cause violent explosions NATURAL GAS

 Natural gas has no odor  To prevent unnoticed leaks gas companies add a chemical with a distinct smell to the gas  If there is a leak, you smell “gas” NATURAL GAS

Read Natural Gas on page 483 of your textbook NATURAL GAS

Fossil fuels take hundreds of millions of years to form They are a NONRENEWABLE resource FUEL SUPPLY AND DEMAND

Read Fuel Supply and Demand on page 484 of your textbook FUEL SUPPLY AND DEMAND

What are the three main fossil fuels? CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

What are the three main fossil fuels? The three main fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

List an advantage and disadvantage of each fossil fuel. GUIDED PRACTICE

List an advantage and disadvantage of each fossil fuel: Coal is easy to transport, but it pollutes the air more than any other fossil fuel. Oil provides large amounts of energy, but is limited in supply. Natural gas produces fewer air pollutants, but it highly flammable. GUIDED PRACTICE

Complete Energy 12-1 Independent Practice INDEPENDENT PRACTICE