Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 The Language Of Medicine 9 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

Chapter 21 Pharmacology Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3 Chapter Goals  Learn the various subspecialty areas of pharmacology.  Identify the various routes of drug administration.  Differentiate among the various classes of drugs and learn their primary actions and side effects.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Chapter Goals (cont’d)  Define medical terms using combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes that relate to pharmacology.  Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Chapter 21 Lesson 21.1

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Introduction  Drugs: medicines/substances used to prevent or treat a condition or disease  Obtained from various sources:  plants: for example, digitalis  animals: for example, hormones  synthesized in lab: for example, methotrexate

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Pharmacology Professionals  Pharmacist (PharmD)  Pharmacologist (MD or PhD)  Subspecialties include:  Medicinal chemistry (synthesize new drugs)  Molecular pharmacology (interaction of drugs and subcellular structures)  Chemotherapy (drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, malignant cells)  Toxicology (harmful effects of drugs and antidotes)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Biological Effects of Drugs  Pharmacodynamics: drug effects in the body  Pharmacokinetics: calculation of drug concentration in tissues and blood over a period.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 1.Which term means below the skin? A.intravenous B.subcutaneous C.intracavity D.transdermal

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Chemical nameGeneric nameBrand name 6-aminopenicillanic acid ampicillin Omnipen Polycillin Drug Names, Standards, and References  Chemical Name: chemical formula  Generic Name: legal and scientific name  Brand Name: trademark of drug manufacturer

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Drug Standards and References  Food and Drug Administration (FDA)  United States Pharmacopeia (USP)  Hospital Formulary  Physicians’ Desk Reference ® (PDR ® )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Administration of Drugs  Oral  Sublingual  Rectal  Parenteral:  Intracavitary injection  Intradermal injection  Intramuscular injection (IM)  Intrathecal injection  Intravenous injection  Subcutaneous injection (SC)  Inhalation  Topical Application

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Terminology of Drug Action  Receptor: target of drug  Action and interaction of drugs in the body:  Combination of Two Drugs Additive action Additive action Antagonistic Antagonistic Synergistic Synergistic  Other Actions of Drugs  Tolerance  Addiction

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 2.The combination of two drugs is greater than the total effects of each drug by itself: _______ A.synergism (potentiation) B.tolerance C.additive action D.idiosyncrasy

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Drug Toxicity  Poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of drugs  Idiosyncrasy (e.g., anaphylaxis)  Iatrogenic (produced by treatment)  Side effects (routine, often tolerable)  Contraindications (dangerous and ill-advised use)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Chapter 21 Lesson 21.2

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Classes of Drugs  Analgesics  Anesthetics  Antibiotics and Antivirals  Anticoagulants  Anticonvulsants  Antidepressants  Antidiabetics  Antihistamines  Antiosteoporosis  Cardiovascular  Endocrine  Gastrointestinal  Respiratory  Sedatives and Hypnotics  Stimulants  Tranquilizers

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Cardiovascular Drugs  Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors  Angiotensin II receptor antagonists  Antiarrhythmics  Beta-blockers  Calcium antagonists or calcium channel blockers  Cholesterol-lowering drugs  Diuretics

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Endocrine Drugs  Androgens  Antiandrogens  Estrogens  Antiestrogen  Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)  Progestins  Thyroid hormone  Glucocorticoids

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Gastrointestinal Drugs  Antacids  Antiulcer (e.g., histamine receptor blockers)  Antidiarrheal  Cathartics (laxatives or purgatives)  Antinauseants (antiemetics)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Combining Forms and Terminology Combining FormMeaning aer/oair alges/osensitivity to pain bronch/obronchial tube chem/odrug cras/omixture cutane/oskin derm/oskin erg/owork

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Combining FormMeaning esthes/ofeeling, sensation hist/otissue hypn/osleep iatr/otreatment lingu/otongue myc/omold, fungus narc/ostupor or/omouth Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Combining FormMeaning pharmac/odrug prurit/oitching pyret/ofever thec/osheath (of brain and spinal cord) tox/opoison toxic/opoison vas/ovessel ven/ovein vit/olife Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Prefixes and Terminology PrefixMeaning ana-upward, excessive anti-against contra-against, opposite par-other than, apart syn-together, with

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 3.Which term means prevents nausea and vomiting? A.antibiotic B.anticoagulant C.antiplatlet D.antiemetic