生物主題報告 Insulin and diabetis

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Presentation transcript:

生物主題報告 Insulin and diabetis B9902070 湯文誠 B9902090 蔡翔霖

Introduction of Insulin A hormone released from pancreas Regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism Takes up glucose, storing it as glycogen 胰島素是一個調節身體醣類和脂肪新陳代謝的賀爾蒙,它使得血液中的葡萄糖得以吸收利用把它儲存為肝醣。特別是脂肪組織和肌肉組織最受其影響。

Structure of insulin disulfide bonds hexamers 胰島素是由兩個A、B肽鏈構成的 兩肽鏈藉由兩條雙硫鍵鍵結 在A鏈內又有一條雙硫鍵 因為B肽鏈間的氫鍵 胰島素通常以雙體出現 如果在鋅離子的環境下 每三個雙體會形成六體 左圖是胰島素六體的構造 右圖則是A、B肽鏈構成的胺基酸序列 黃色代表雙硫鍵 hexamers

Synthesis of insulin The endogenous production of insulin is regulated in several steps along the synthesis pathway: 1.At transcription from the insulin gene 2.In mRNA stability 3.At the mRNA translation 4.In the posttranslational modifications 胰島素的製造主要被四種步驟所調控 1.胰島素基因的轉錄 2.mRNA的穩定性 3.mRNA的轉譯 4.後轉錄修飾

Release of insulin Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans release insulin In response to increased blood glucose( phase 1,rapid) Is triggered independently of sugar. (Phase 2 ,slow) Somewhat influenced by the autonomic nervous 胰島素在怡島內的beta細胞分泌主要經由兩個型態 第一種是 受到高血糖刺激 胰島素會快速釋放 第二種是僅受糖類的影響而緩慢持久的釋出 beta系癟受自律神經系統調節 交感神經就會抑制胰島素生成

Signal transduction Special transporter proteins in cell membranes for entrance of glucose Low levels of circulating insulin will prevent glucose from entering the cell Decrease in the sensitivity to insulin resulting in decreased glucose absorption 在細胞膜上有特殊的通道蛋白 血糖可以在此進出細胞 這些通道蛋白也受胰島素的調控 如果胰島素不足身體更不好利用葡萄糖 由血糖進入刺激後細胞後 胰島素經由receptor進入細胞 經過一連串的tyrosine phosphorylation 由IRS-1、 p85、p110 以及三種kinase的作用 再由GLUT囊泡運送至體外分泌

Type 1 diabetes Partly inherited and triggered by certain infections Loss of the insulin-producing β-cell of the islets of Langerhans T-cell mediated autoimmune attack Juvenile diabetes Environmental trigger Medication: regular ,NPH insulin and synthetic insulin analogs 糖尿病主要有三種,第一型糖尿病是胰島缺乏beta cell導致胰島素分泌不足,主要是因為T cell的自體免疫攻擊破壞了beta cell。第一型糖尿病又稱青少年糖尿病,因為大多發生在孩童身上。第一型糖尿病的引起需要環境刺激物,像是某種病毒。通常會注射短效和中效胰島素。

Type 2 diabetes Insulin resistance Reduced insulin sensitivity The most common type Due to lifestyle factors and genetics Medications: oral medications that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose production , often in combination 第二型糖尿病則是會抵抗胰島素,第二型早期會降低胰島素敏感度。第二型是最常見的糖尿病。第二型糖尿病的引起主要和生活習慣與基因有關。第二型糖尿病常會用口服藥,改善對胰島素敏感度或減少肝臟產生的葡萄糖。

Gestational diabetes involving a combination of inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness Resembles type 2 diabetes Occurs 2%–5% of pregnancies May improve or disappear after delivery 20%–50% of affected women develop type 2 diabetes develop later in life 第三種是妊娠糖尿病,和第二型類似,包括胰島素分泌和反應。約2~5%的孕婦會有這種糖尿病,在分娩後可能會改善或消失,約20~50%病患會演變成第二型糖尿病。

主要的症狀有口渴、飢餓、嗜睡、精神恍惚、視線模糊、會聞到丙酮味、噁心、嘔吐、腹痛、多尿、糖尿、換氣過度

Diabetic Nephropathy