Chapter Chapter

Early Human Migrations

North American Societies Section 1 Pgs

North Am. Vs. South Am..  Less developed than MesoAmerica  No great empires  Left few ruins  BUT:  They created complex societies  Long-distance trade  Construct magnificent buildings

4 different groups in N.Am:  1. Pacific Northwest  2. Pueblo builders (Southwest)  3. Mound Builders (Great Plains)  4. Northeastern Tribes

1. Pacific Northwest  From Oregon to Alaska  Important resources: Sea (whales), Coastal forest(plentiful food)  Differences in $$Wealth = Social Structure –POTLACH– elaborate ceremony to show off rank & prosperity; give food, drink, etc.

2. Pueblo Builders (Southwest)  Harsher environment: dry, desert  BUT they farmed…  Used IRRIGATION to make corn, beans, squash  Used pottery  ANASAZI (NC)-- Pueblos

“Anasazi” (NC)  Who: Native Americans in Southwest US  What: Group of Native Americans that built impressive cliff dwellings on top of mesas(flat- topped hills) or in walls of canyons  Where: 4 corners of US: Utah, Arizona, Colorado, & New Mexico  When:  Why: construction showed high degree of social organization & inventiveness; were abandoned around 1200 from drought

3. Mound Builders (Great Plains)  Environment: Woodlands east of Mississippi River  700 BCE: The Adena made huge earthen mounds to bury dead  500 CE: Hopewell made larger and more plentiful mounds  Mississippian (NC) …  Earthen Pyramids

“Mississippian” (NC)  Who: Native American Moundbuilders  What: Moundbuilders; group of Native Americans that created thriving villages based on farming & trade  Where: Mississippi, North America  When: CE  Why Imp: built mounds to bury their dead in; the heart of the community was a 100-ft. high earthen pyramid with a wooden temple

4. Northeastern Tribes  Environment: Woodlands  Tribes clashed over lands = Political alliances to protect land  Best ex: Iroquois (NC)…

“Iroquois” (NC) pg 444  Who: Northeastern Native Americans  What: a group of tribes that spoke related languages that formed the Iroquois League to protect land  Where: Northeast- Upper New York, Great Lakes Region  When: late 1500s  Why imp: they are the best example of a political alliance to protect land in the NE.

Cultural Connections among N. Am. Societies (what they all had in common)  Political: –Iroquois Alliance– alliances of tribes that protected land from other tribes  Economic: –Traded– large trade networks along rivers & across the plains

 Cultural: –Similar religious beliefs– belief in nature spirits– these ‘spirits’ gave rituals & customs to guide the Native Ams. Relig. Belief: Great respect for the land as the source of life –Shared Social Patterns– Family- basis for social org. Use of Totems: symbol of unity of a group or clan; used them in rituals or dances for imp events

Origins of the Peoples of the Americas? Origins of the Peoples of the Americas? Sculpture from the Americas

Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations

Section 2:

Maya- Brain Pop

Lands of the Mayans The Yucatan Peninsula

Environment Highland region  South  Cool, cloud-wreathed mountains from S. Mexico to El Salvador Lowland region  North  Dry scrub forest of Yucatan Peninsula  Dense, steamy jungles of Southeastern Mexico

Urban (city) centers  Built spectacular cities: Tikal, Copan, Palenque, etc. –Independent city-state –Ruled by a god-king –Served as center for religious ceremonies & trade  Monumental architecture: –Giant pyramids –Temples –Palaces –Elaborate stone carvings dedicated to the gods

Overview of Tikal (Guatemala) Temple of the Masks

Tikal: Temple of the Masks

Chichen-Itza - Pyramid

Chichen-Itza - Observatory

Chichen-Itza - Ball Court

Economy…  Linked through alliances & trade –Local products: Salt, flint, feathers, shells, honey –Craft goods: cotton textiles, jade –Cacao beans (chocolate) = currency!!!  Agriculture = basis of Maya life –(all MesoAmerica) –Slash-and-Burn agriculture  Farming = $wealth$ = Social structure…

Mayan Cultivation of Maize Chac, God of Rain -->

Mayan Drinking Cup for Chocolate

Mayan Underground Granaries: Chultunes

Social Structure: Noble class Priests & leading warriors Merchants & Specialized skills Peasant (most of them… of course!) Maya King– regarded as holy, hereditary

Religion…  Influenced most aspects of Maya life…  Polytheistic good vs. evil gods: corn, death, rain, war  4 directions & colors: –North:White –South: Yellow –East: Red –West: Black  Worship: –Pray & make offering –Pierced & cut their bodies –Human sacrifice– usually captured enemies

Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain God

Achievements:  Mathematics: –Astronomy –Concept of zero: precise calculations = –260-day religious Calendar; 365-day solar calendar –Base-20 number system  Written language –Most advanced writing system in ancient Americas –Glyphs (NC) –Codex (NC) –Popol Vuh- most famous Maya history book

Mayan Glyphs Mayan Mathematics sky king house child city sky king house child city

Mayan Glyphs What: 800 hieroglyphic symbols; Mayan writing system Where: Maya, Mexico When: Why imp: used this to record historical events Who: Mayans

“Codex” (NC)  Who: (you should know it)  What: bark-paper historical book that had important events that happened to the Mayans  Where:(you should know it)  When:  Why imp: only 3 of these have survived– this tells us about the ancient Mayan civilization

“Maya” (NC) – (you need to figure this one out…)  Who:  What:  Where:  When:  Why imp:

Pakal: The Maya Astronaut

Section 3:

Lands of the Aztecs

The beginning, BEFORE the Aztecs:  Teotihuacan (“City of the Gods”)- 1 st major civilization of central Mexico (just outside Mexico city today)  Center of thriving trade network that extended far into Central America –Most valuable item: OBSIDIAN (NC)  Grew for centuries- then ABRUPTLY declined –Invasion? –Conflict among ruling classes?

….then came the “Toltecs”  New warlike group of people that ruled for 300yrs over Central Mexico ( )  Built pyramids & temples; tall pillars for warriors  Based on conquest  Human sacrifice of captured prisoners of war  New leader wanted: –No more sacrifice –Worship a new god…

The God of Wisdom & Learning Quetzalcoatl: The God of Wisdom & Learning What: god of the Toltecs; Focused on Wisdom & Learning NOT war! When: 1000 CE Where: Central Mexico Why: The new Toltec leader Wanted them to worship him = followers of War god rebelled = downfall of Toltecs = Coming of the AZTECS!

…and finally- The Aztecs!!(NC)  Who: “’the Mexica”; a poor, nomadic people from harsh deserts of N. Mexico  What: they created the Aztec Empire, one of the greatest in Ancient America  Where: Northern Mexico  When:1200-  Why imp: the greatest empire of Mesoamerica; based empire on military conquest; sacrificed war captives; Tenochtitlán was the capital

Aztec View of Tenochtitlan

Ruins of the City Center, Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas

Aztec Chinampa or Floating Garden: 15ft. to 30ft. wide

Tenochtitlan - Chinampas

“Triple Alliance” (NC)  Who: Aztecs  What: a political alliance between Aztec &Texcoco & Tlacopan to help build the empire larger  Where: Northern Mexico  When: 1428  Why: became the leading power & gained control over neighboring regions– made Aztec Empire big and powerful

Aztec Math Aztec Writing

Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar

Aztec Sun Motifs

Aztec Codex (15c Manuscript)

The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors

Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God

Heart Sacrifice on an Aztec Temple Pyramid

Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan

Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan

Aztec Gold

“Montezuma II” (NC)  Who: last Emperor of Aztecs  What: He weakened the Aztec Empire  Where: Aztec Empire, Northern Mexico  When:  Why: Aztec Empire declined under him = He asked for more sacrifice victims = people were mad & rebelled = they were very weak = Spanish came and took over!! = no more Aztecs!

Section 4:

Lands of the Incas

“Pachacuti” (NC)  Who: Incan ruler  What: powerful & ambitious, he took the Incan throne & made the Incan Empire great  When: 1438  Where: Incan Empire, Peru, So. Am.  Why: He conquered all of Peru for the Incans and established a gov’t & made the Incan Empire great and Extensive- (large)

Cuzco: A ncient Capital of the Inca (11,000 ft. above sea level)

Machu Picchu

Things that unified the Incans:  Rulers divided their territory & its people into manageable units, governed by a central bureaucracy (gov’t)  Created an efficient economic system to support the empire- little freedom in trading– the gov’t controlled it all (Econ)  Created an extensive road system to tie it together. (Road system)  Single official language: Quechua  Founded schools to teach Incan ways.

“Allyu” (NC)  Who: Incans  What: An age-old form of community cooperation; extended family group  Where: Incan Empire, Peru, S. Am.  When:  Why: Incan social system was based on this; Undertook tasks too big for a single family: build irrigation; turned into a governing system based on decimal system in order to organize people

“Mita” (NC)  Who: Incans  What: The Incan gov’t demanded the people pay tribute in the form of labor  Where: Incan Empire, Peru, S. Am.  When:  Why: It required all able-bodied citizens to work for the state a certain number of days every year. They worked on farmlands, produced craft goods for state warehouses, or help with public works projects. Similar to Communism.

Incan Suspension Bridges

Incan Terrace Farming

Incan Digging Sticks

Maize in Incan Pottery & Gold Work

Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Cultivated by the Incans

Produce from a Typical Incan Market

Incan Ceramic Jars PeanutPeanut PotatoPotato SquashSquash Cacao God Cacao Pod

“Quipu” (NC)  Who: Incans  What: set of knotted strings used to record data  Where: Incan Empire, today Peru. South Am.  When: s  Why: helped the Incans keep records for government and history by counting

The Quipu: An Incan Database

Incan Mummies

Inca Gold & Silver

“Inca” (NC)  Who: Incans  What: the largest empire in the Americas  Where: “Valley of Cuzco”, Peru, Andes Mountains, South America  When: 1200s-1500s  Why: built a powerful and extensive empire in South America- the largest empire ever seen in the Americas; Model for later Communist governments;