FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

 French & English compete for American soil  FRANCE – claim Ohio Valley, Mississippi Valley & Great Lakes ◦ `New France`- Ohio to Rocky Mountains  Fur Traders  Jesuit priests

 Native Americans supplied furs to both English & French  Fur Trade between N.A. to French & N.A. to English crated changing economic and military alliances  This led to many conflicts – no clear winner

West of Appalachians – English Fur Traders & Land Companies French fear losing control FRENCH & INDIAN WAR --9 YEARS

 Fort Duqusne – French fort on Ohio River (where Pittsburgh now stands)  Fort Necessity – English fort built near French fort ◦ George Washington – 21 year old –  attack French then French attack English  GW retreat to Virginia ◦ FRENCH & INDIAN WAR HAD BEGUN  JULY 3, 1754

 With BRITISH ◦ Mohawk ◦ Cayuga ◦ Oneida ◦ Onondaga ◦ Seeca  with FRENCH ◦ Shawnee ◦ Algonquin ◦ Abenaki ◦ Lenni Lenape ◦ Huron

 Benjamin Franklin ◦ First formal proposal to unite colonies ◦ Each colony send representatives to GRAND COUNCIL ◦ Collect taxes, raise armies, make treaties ◦ PLAN REJECTED – not want to give up control

 British sent Braddock & 2 regiments  George Washington at his side  Marched to Fort Duquesne  French & N.A. Surprized British, killed Braddock  More battles & losses over next 2 years

 British Secretary of State – William Pitt  Sent best generals, borrowed money to pay colonial troops  1757 to 1759 – Controlled 6 French Forts ◦ Renamed Fort Duquesne to Fort Pitt ◦ NEXT to NEW FRANCE`s capital QUEBEC

 Cliffs 300 feet above St. Lawrence River  British General James Wolfe & 4000 men secretly climb cliffs  Battle was short & British won ◦ But British General Wolfe died and ◦ French General Montcalm died BATTLE OF QUEBEC 1757 TURNING POINT IN WAR – by 1758 British control all CANADA

 BRITAIN & FRANCE battled in othe parts of world for 3 more years  Spain made pact in 1761 to aid France – too late  Seven years War ended 1763  Treaty of Paris - ended all French control in North America Britain`s Colonial Empire

 British moved into French forts  Not gift Native Americans like French had  N.A. – attacked settlers, destroyed most forts  British – attacked back – many killed  Then invited N.A. to talk – gave them blankets infected with SMALLPOX  3 years later – Treaty signed  PROCLAMATION of 1763 –  dont settle west of Appalachians.

 Colonists and British angry at each other  Colonists thought won right to settle in Ohio Valley  British didn`t want more N.A. Fights  FRENCH & INDIAN WAR – 13 Colonies got first taste of UNITY – fought common enemy  STAGE SET for FINAL CONFLICT  between Colonies & Britain