By: Mirella Cabrera Psychology Ms. McElmoyl Per.7

  Storing and retrieving information that has been learned. It is known as a large filing cabinet with millions of files stored. It is stated in the Stroke Center, “Everything we experience is placed in a file, labeled and can be pulled out when needed.” Memory…

 Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (1968)  This is known to be the model of different memories, their codes and how they process in the memory.  There are 3 stages of memory: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory.  There are 6 types of memory: Iconic, Echoic, Semantic, Episodic, Declarative, and Procedural Memory.

 I. Sensory : Briefest of memories that occurs immediately following the reception of a stimulus. II. Short-term : Memory that is limited to about seven items. III. Long-term : Contains representations of countless facts, experiences, and sensations. Stages of Memory…

  Iconic Memory & Echoic Memory ( Sensory )  Semantic Memory & Episodic Memory ( Long-term )  Declarative Memory & Procedural Memory ( Long- term ) Types of Memory…

  Short-term memory does not have any types of memories but it contains two methods in which one may improve their memory, they are: Maintenance Rehearsal & Chunking. Short-term Memory…

 Working Memory Model(Baddeley 1986)…  This is a model of short-term memory, it is well known to expand the “working” aspect of memory.  There are 3 components to short-term memory 1.Phonological Loop 2.Visuospatial Sketchpad 3. Central Executive

  This loop can hold small amount of information just by the way everything sounds due to acoustic coding.  FACT: Can hold about 2 seconds of phonological information at a time. Phonological Loop…

  “Like a drawing tablet, with only so many things drawn a time (limited capacity, visual code).”  This aspect can not only hold visual information, but it can also hold the way in which the information is arranged. Visuospatial Sketchpad…

  Is responsible for monitoring, keeping track of, and arranging information throughout the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. Its main role is to convert information from one code to another.  According to Baddeley’s (1986) working memory model, the central executive, “Is postulated to be responsible for the selection, initiation, and termination of processing routines. Central Executive…

  This occurs when major damages are done the frontal lobes due to the impairments in the way the central executive functions.  Baddeley used this syndrome to describe the many dysfunctions, “Disturbed attention, increased distractibility, a difficulty in grasping the whole of a complicated state of affairs.” Even with all this, a person suffering from this syndrome cannot learn or process new tasks. Dysexecutive Syndrome…

 I. Encoding : Transforming information so that the nervous system can process it. II. Storage : Information is maintained over a period of time. III. Retrieval : Involves obtaining information that has been previously stored. Memory Process…

 I. Visual Codes/Senses : Creating a mental picture. II. Acoustic Codes : Repeating information aloud. III. Semantic Codes : Making sense of information. Encoding…

  He believed that short-term memory codes all information according to sound (acoustically). He stated, “Visual information is encoded (transformed) to its acoustic (sound/language) codes.  His study focused on participants who were presented with a list of consonants for about ¾ seconds and then had to recall what they had seen. It is said that, “Conrad found errors of recall were linked to letters which had a similar sound.” Therefore, these errors were later referred as, “acoustic confusion or substitution errors.” Conrad’s Study (1964)…

  He discovered that distributing learning over time is more effective than trying to fit information all at once.  Continuing to practice material even after it has been learned has the effect of improving retention. Herman Ebbinghaus Theory…

  He believed that memory was essential to survival, but that there was no need to retain every bit of information.  Due to James theory, short-term and long-term memories were formed; they should just focus on the main memory. William James Theory…

 1."Central Executive." Central Executive. Trans. Bonnie M. French. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec "The Internet Stroke Center." Internet Stroke Center Stroke News. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec Lickerman, Alex. ""How To Remember Things"" Psychology Today. Alex Lickerman, 16 Nov Web. 2 Jan "Memory and Thought." Memory and Thought. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan "Ashbourne College's Psychology Blog." Ashbourne Colleges Psychology Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan *(Add Links/Url to Resources!) Resources…