I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB TOPIC 2: INFORMATION PROCESSING

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB ○Stage approach ○Ecological approach ○Cognitive engineering (ergonomics) Three Approaches to Information Processing

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB Three Approaches to Information Processing

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 1.Selective Attention ○SEEV ○P(A) = s S- ef EF+ ex EX+ v V 2.Focused Attention ○Clutter or noise Selecting Information

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 3.Discrimination ○Parse the world into its meaningful components ○Space, color, intensity, frequency, etc. ○Easier to focus attn. on one and ignore distraction from another Selecting Information

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 4.Visual Search ○Serial self-terminating search ○thwarted by three factors ○Bottom-up parallel processing, top-down processing – Guided search model (Wolfe, 2000) ○target familiarity Selecting Information

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 1.Detection as Decision Making ○SDT ○Optimal response criterion – signal probability and payoffs Perception and Data Interpretation

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 3.Judgment of 2D Position and Extent ○Spatial judgment prone to systemic distortions ○Overestimate for bar graphs ○Perceptual flattening of the line ○Pie chart Perception and Data Interpretation

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB Perception and Data Interpretation

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 4.Judgment of Distance and Size in 3D ○Depth cues – pictorial cues Perception and Data Interpretation

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 5.Dynamic Display, Mental Model, Analog Compatibility ○Compatibility with the operator’s MM ○Code congruence ○congruent mapping ○Movement compatibility Perception and Data Interpretation

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 6.Perceptual Organization, Display Organization, and Proximity Compatibility ○Perceptual organization ○Gestalt psychologists Perception and Data Interpretation

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB ○Proximity compatibility principle Perception and Data Interpretation

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 1.WM Limitations ○Duration and capacity ○Baddeley (1986, 1999) ○Phonological loop (verbal WM) ○Visuospatial sketch pad (visual WM) ○Central executive Comprehension and Cognition

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 2.Dynamic WM, Keeping Track, SA ○Endsley (1995) ○Level I – perception (selective attn., attentional capture) ○Level II – comprehension (WM – schema, LTWM) ○Level III – projection (LTM – MM) Comprehension and Cognition

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 4.Spatial Awareness and Navigation 4.1Geographical Knowledge ○Landmark knowledge ○Route knowledge ○Survey knowledge Comprehension and Cognition

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 4.2Navigation Aids Comprehension and Cognition

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 4.2Navigation Aids Comprehension and Cognition

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 5.Planning and Problem Solving 5.1Planning ○Script in LTM; Guess work and mental simulation 1.Heavy demands on WM 2.Planning horizon tends to be fairly short 3.Biased by availability heuristic Comprehension and Cognition

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 5.2PS, Diagnosis and TS ○pattern-matching  Naturalistic DM ○Iterative diagnostic tests until diagnosed ○3 characteristics of human cognition 1.Cognitive resource demands and their vulnerability to interference grow 2.Past experience can benefit for diagnosis and PS but the problem of functional fixedness 3.Confirmation bias and cognitive tunneling Comprehension and Cognition

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 1.Information and Uncertainty ○Bandwidth (bits/sec) ○Rasmussen (1986) 1.Knowledge-based behavior 2.Rule-based 3.Skill-based Action Selection

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 2.Complexity of Choice ○Hick (1952) ○Decision complexity advantage 3.Probability and Expectancy 4.practice ○Increases both speed and accuracy Action Selection

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 5.Spatial Compatibility ○The compatibility between a display and its associated control I.Location ○Principle of location compatibility ○Principle of collocation, principle of congruence Action Selection

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB II.Control movement ○Intention-R-S (IRS) compatibility ○Clockwise increase stereotype ○The proximity movement stereotype ○Global congruence Action Selection

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 6.Modality I.Voice options more possible responses II.More compatible ways of transmitting symbolic or verbal info III.Valuable when the eyes and hands Action Selection

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 7.Response Discriminability 8.Feedback 9.Continuous Control ○Fitts’ Law ○MT = a + b log 2 (2A/W) Action Selection

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 1.Serial Processing ○Reminders – checklists ○Heavy involvement (high WL) may neglect a second task 2.Concurrent Processing 2.1 Task Similarity ○Similarity btn tasks may induce confusion Multiple-Task Performance

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB 2.2Task Demand ○Easier task more likely concurrently than more difficult of demanding 2.3Task Structure ○Multiple resource theory ○Processing codes (verbal vs. spatial), processing stage (perceptual-cognitive vs. response), perceptual modality (auditory vs. visual), visual subsystems (focal vs. ambient) Multiple-Task Performance