LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT Describe the impact of technological advances on turn of the century urban planning. Summarize turn of the century communication innovations.

A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

Science and Urban Life Section 1 Advances in science and technology help solve urban problems, including overcrowding. NEXT

SCIENCE AND URBAN LIFE By the turn of the 20th century, four out of ten Americans lived in cities In response to urbanization, technological advances began to meet communication, transportation, and space demands Artist Annie Bandez

Science and Urban Life Technology and City Life Skyscrapers 1 SECTION Science and Urban Life Technology and City Life Skyscrapers 1890, 58 cities have 50,000 people; 1900, 4 of 10 people in cities Invention of elevators, internal steel skeletons lead to skyscrapers - Louis Sullivan designs Wainwright Building Skyscrapers solve urban problem of limited, expensive space - Daniel Burnham designs Flatiron Building Continued . . . NEXT

Louis Sullivan’s Wainwright Building in St. Louis SKYSCRAPERS Louis Sullivan’s Wainwright Building in St. Louis

Burnham’s Flatiron Building

SKYSCRAPERS Skyscrapers emerged after two critical inventions: elevators & steel skeletons that bear weight The skyscraper was America’s greatest contribution to architecture solved the issue of how to best use limited and expensive space

Guided Reading: Skyscraper Louis Sullivan; Daniel Burnham 1. Who was involved in its development? 2. What other inventions helped make this one possible? 3. How did this invention or development affect Americans’ lives? Skyscraper Louis Sullivan; Daniel Burnham the elevator; internal steel skeletons Used limited and expensive urban space more efficiently

Chapter 8: Section 1 A – How did new technologies make the building of skyscrapers practical? The elevator made tall building usable; Steel framed could bear the weight of tall buildings.

1 SECTION continued Technology and City Life Electric Transit Before Civil War, horse-drawn streetcars run on iron rails By 1900, electric streetcars (trolleys) run from suburbs to downtown Some cities build elevated trains or subways Continued . . . NEXT

ELECTRIC TRANSIT Changes in transportation allowed cities to spread outward By the turn of the century, intricate networks of electric streetcars – also called trolley cars –ran from outlying neighborhoods to downtown offices & stores

“EL’S” AND SUBWAYS A few large cities moved their streetcars far above street level, creating elevated or “el” trains Other cities built subways by moving their rail lines underground

Guided Reading: Electric transit electricity 1. Who was involved in its development? 2. What other inventions helped make this one possible? 3. How did this invention or development affect Americans’ lives? Electric transit electricity Allowed city workers to live in. suburbs; spurred the growth of suburbs; reduced congestion on city streets

Chapter 8: Section 1 B – How did elective transit impact urban life? It led to growth of subways; Made commuting easier. Suburbs increased

Engineering and Urban Planning 1 SECTION continued Technology and City Life Engineering and Urban Planning • Steel-cable suspension bridges link city sections • Need for open spaces inspires science of urban planning • Frederick Law Olmstead spearheads movement for planned urban parks - 1857, helps design Central Park NEXT

BRIDGES Bessemer Steel-cable suspension bridges, like the Brooklyn Bridge, also brought cities’ sections closer

Guided Reading: Suspension bridge John Augustus Roehling steel cables 1. Who was involved in its development? 2. What other inventions helped make this one possible? 3. How did this invention or development affect Americans’ lives? Suspension bridge John Augustus Roehling steel cables Tied sections of cities together; sometimes provided recreational opportunities

1 SECTION continued Technology and City Life City Planning Chicago’s population growth results in unregulated expansion Daniel Burnham draws plan for city with parks along Lake Michigan - designs White City for 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition NEXT

Central Park is an oasis among Manhattan’s skyscrapers PARKS Frederick Law Olmsted was instrumental in drawing up plans for Central park, NYC Some urban planners sought to include landscaped areas & parks Made life more livable Central Park is an oasis among Manhattan’s skyscrapers

CITY PLANNING: CHICAGO Daniel Burnham oversaw the transformation of Chicago’s lakefront from swampy wasteland to elegant parks strung along Lake Michigan

CITY PLANNING: CHICAGO Today Chicago’s lakefront is one of the most beautiful shorelines in North America

Guided Reading: Urban planning Frederick Law Olmsted; Calvert Vaux; 1. Who was involved in its development? 2. What other inventions helped make this one possible? 3. How did this invention or development affect Americans’ lives? Urban planning Frederick Law Olmsted; Calvert Vaux; Daniel Burnham Promoted a greater sense of serenity and well-being by creating open spaces in cities

Chapter 8: Section 1 C – List three major changes in cities near the turn of the century. What effect did each have? Skyscrapers conserved space by allowing cities to grow upward; New transportation systems and bridges drew neighborhoods closer together; Urban planning put parks into neighborhoods.

1 SECTION continued New Technologies Airplanes • Orville, Wilbur Wright use engines to fly “heavier-than-air” craft - first successful flight Dec. 1903 • By 1920, first transcontinental air mail established NEXT

Actual photo of Wright Brother’s first flight 12/17/03 NEW TECHNOLOGIES New developments in communication brought the nation closer Advances in printing, aviation, and photography helped speed the transfer of information Actual photo of Wright Brother’s first flight 12/17/03

Actual photo of Wright Brother’s first flight 12/17/03 AIRPLANES In the early 20th century, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, experimented with engines and aircrafts They commissioned a four-cylinder internal combustion engine, chose a propeller, and built a biplane Actual photo of Wright Brother’s first flight 12/17/03

AIRPLANES On December 17, 1903 they flew their plane for 12 seconds covering 120 feet Within two years the brothers were making 30 minute flights By 1920, the U.S. was using airmail flights regularly

Guided Reading: Airmail Orville and Wilbur Wright the airplane; 1. Who was involved in its development? 2. What other inventions helped make this one possible? 3. How did this invention or development affect Americans’ lives? Airmail Orville and Wilbur Wright the airplane; the internal combustion engine Sped the delivery of mail

New Technologies A Revolution in Printing 1 SECTION New Technologies A Revolution in Printing By 1890, U.S. literacy rate almost 90% Growing demand for newspapers, magazines, books Mills produce cheap paper that withstands high-speed presses Faster production, lower costs make periodicals more affordable Continued . . . NEXT

A REVOLUTION IN PRINTING By 1890, the literacy rate in the U.S. was nearly 90% American mills began to produce huge quantities of cheap paper from wood pulp

A REVOLUTION IN PRINTING Electrical web-perfecting presses printed on both sides of paper at the same time Faster production and lower costs made newspapers and magazines more affordable (most papers sold for 1 cent)

Guided Reading: Web-perfecting press cheap durable paper; Electricity 1. Who was involved in its development? 2. What other inventions helped make this one possible? 3. How did this invention or development affect Americans’ lives? Web-perfecting press cheap durable paper; Electricity it made printed materials more affordable; satisfied Americans' increasing demand for books, magazines, and newspapers

Photography Explosion 1 SECTION continued New Technologies Photography Explosion • Pre-1880s, photography requires heavy equipment, time • George Eastman develops light-weight equipment, studio processing • 1888, introduces Kodak camera, easy to operate - millions use Kodak camera - helps create field of photojournalism NEXT

PHOTOGRAPHY EXPLOSION Before 1880, photography was a professional activity Subjects could not move and the film had to be developed immediately

PHOTOGRAPHY EXPLOSION George Eastman invented lighter weight equipment and more versatile film In 1888, Eastman introduced his Kodak Camera The $25 camera came with 100-picture roll of film Created photojournalism 1888 Kodak

Guided Reading: Kodak camera George Eastman the camera, 1. Who was involved in its development? 2. What other inventions helped make this one possible? 3. How did this invention or development affect Americans’ lives? Kodak camera George Eastman the camera, new film-processing techniques Brought photography within the reach of the average American