© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE 9 ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT JOHN W. SANTROCK 3e

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9-2 CHAPTER OUTLINE The nature of adolescence Physical changes Adolescent health Adolescent cognition Schools

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9-3 THE NATURE OF ADOLESCENCE Influences on the adolescent Cultural Gender Socioeconomic Age Lifestyle differences

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9-4 PHYSICAL CHANGES Puberty The brain Adolescent sexuality

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9-5 PHYSICAL CHANGES Puberty : Period of rapid physical maturation, occurring primarily in early adolescence, that involves hormonal and bodily changes Sexual maturation, height, and weight Marked weight and height gains Facial and chest hair growth in males Pubic hair growth Breast growth in females Menarche : Girl’s first menstruation

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9-6 FIGURE PUBERTAL GROWTH SPURT

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9-7 PHYSICAL CHANGES Puberty Hormonal changes Hormones : Chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstream Endocrine system’s role in puberty involves interaction: Hypothalamus : A structure in the brain that monitors eating and sex Pituitary gland : An important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands Gonads : The testes in males, the ovaries in females Increases in testosterone and estradiol

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9-8 PHYSICAL CHANGES Puberty Timing and variations in puberty Average age of menarche has declined significantly since mid- 19th century Improved nutrition and health Pubertal sequence begins: Boys /2 years Girls - Between ages of 9 and 15 years

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9-9 PHYSICAL CHANGES Body image Preoccupation with body image is strong throughout adolescence Girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part PHYSICAL CHANGES Early and late maturation Boys Early-maturing boys view themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations Late-maturing boys report a stronger sense of identity in their 30s Girls Early-maturing girls show greater satisfaction early but less satisfaction later More likely to smoke, drink, be depressed Have an eating disorder Struggle for earlier independence Have older friends

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part FIGURE CHANGES IN THE ADOLESCENT BRAIN

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part PHYSICAL CHANGES The brain Corpus callosum - The location where fibers connect the brain’s left and right hemispheres Prefrontal cortex The highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control Amygdala - The region of the brain that is the seat of emotions

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part PHYSICAL CHANGES Adolescent sexuality Developing a sexual identity Learning to manage sexual feelings Developing new forms of intimacy Learning skills to regulate sexual behavior Sexual identity includes: Activities Interests Styles of behavior Indication of sexual orientation

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part PHYSICAL CHANGES Gay males and lesbians struggle with same-sex attractions Risk factors in adolescent sexual behavior Drug use, delinquency, and school-related problems

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY Contraceptive use Two kinds of risks Unintended, unwanted pregnancy Sexually transmitted infections Adolescents are increasing their use of contraceptives Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) : Contracted primarily through sexual contact Including oral-genital and anal-genital contact

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY Adolescent pregnancy U.S. has 1 of the highest rates in the world Creates health risks for baby and mother Outcomes Low birth weight, neurological problems, childhood illness Mothers drop out of school and never catch up economically Reducing adolescent pregnancy Girls Inc. Growing Together Will Power/Won’t Power Taking Care of Business

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT HEALTH Nutrition and exercise Sleep patterns Leading causes of death in adolescents Substance use and abuse Eating disorders

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT HEALTH Poor health habits and early death in adulthood begin during adolescence Nutrition and exercise 17% of 12–19-year-olds are overweight Individuals become less active as they reach and progress through adolescence Sleep patterns Only 31% of U.S. adolescents sleep 8 or more hours a night

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT HEALTH Leading causes of death in adolescence Unintentional injuries Homicide Suicide

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT HEALTH Substance use and abuse United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation Adolescent alcohol and cigarette consumption has declined in recent years The roles of development, parents, peers and education

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT HEALTH Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa : Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation Main characteristics Weight less than 85% of what is considered normal for a person’s age and height An intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss Having a distorted image of their body shape Amenorrhea 10 times more likely to occur in females than males

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT HEALTH Bulimia nervosa : Individual consistently follows a binge-and- purge pattern Most bulimics Are preoccupied with food Have an intense fear of becoming overweight Are depressed or anxious Have a distorted body image Typically fall within a normal weight range

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT COGNITION Piaget’s theory Adolescent egocentrism Information processing

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT COGNITION Piaget’s theory Formal operational stage More abstract than concrete operational thought Increased verbal problem-solving ability Increased tendency to think about thought itself Thoughts of idealism and possibilities More logical thought Hypothetical-deductive reasoning : Creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications Evaluating Piaget’s theory

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT COGNITION Adolescent egocentrism : Heightened self- consciousness of adolescents Imaginary audience : Adolescents’ belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are Attention-getting behavior Personal fable : Involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part ADOLESCENT COGNITION Information processing Executive functioning - Involves higher-order cognitive activities such as Reasoning Making decisions Monitoring thinking critically Monitoring one’s cognitive progress Decision making Critical thinking

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part SCHOOLS The transition to middle or junior high school Effective schools for young adolescents High school Service learning

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part SCHOOLS The transition to middle or junior high school Drop in school satisfaction Top-dog phenomenon : Move from the top position in elementary school to: The lowest position in middle or junior high school

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part SCHOOLS Effective schools for young adolescents Develop smaller communities that lessen impersonality of middle schools Lower student-counselor ratios to 10-to-1 Involve parents and community leaders Integrate several disciplines in a flexible curriculum Boost students’ health and fitness with more programs Provide public health care

© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part SCHOOLS High school Graduate with inadequate reading, writing, and mathematical skills High schools should discourage dropping out Service learning : Form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community