8 Schools and Society

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Schools and Society Countries around the world understand the importance of education –Many emphasize education to help improve the economy and lives of citizens –Others restrict and control education –In some countries, education is only available to the wealthy continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Schools and Society In the United States, education is not based on a national system –Variations related to quality and opportunity American schools and learners are influenced by the country’s problems

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Explain how public schools are governed and funded. © karen roach/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Who Is Responsible for Schools? Control of public education falls under –Individual state governments –Local communities –Federal government Powers (such as education) not assigned by the Constitution fall under state control

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Identify the structure of education in your state. © jamie cross/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. State Governments’ Role Legislature –Passes laws –Determines budget, funding State board of education –Provides leadership –Promotes education standards and equality –Advocates for citizen support, public funds continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. State Governments’ Role Superintendent of public instruction (or commissioner of education) –Usually elected –Link between legislature and board of education State department of education –Responsible for operation of schools –Certifies teachers, allocates money

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Discussion How is education in your state affected by your state government’s decisions? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Local School Districts’ Role School board –Sets policies –Approves curriculum, funding –Determines budget –Oversees hiring –Negotiates with employee unions continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Local School Districts’ Role District superintendent –Connection between school board and individual schools School administrators –Carry out day-to-day activities –Oversee the budget –Hire/supervise teachers –Act as spokespersons for the school continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Local School Districts’ Role In each school, the principal acts as the top executive © Kurhan/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Federal Government’s Role Passes federal legislation to assist states Funds provided for states and local districts that follow legislative guidelines United States Department of Education –Focus: ensure quality education for all children –Secretary of Education is part of the President’s cabinet

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Funding for Education Average split of funding

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. State Funding Each state determines funding Taxes used: –Sales taxes –Income taxes Spending varies from state to state

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Local Funding Usually comes from real estate taxes © Kuzma/Shutterstock continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Local Funding Use of taxes can be controversial –Escalating taxes can cause hardship –Everyone is taxed for education, even people without children –Those who rent or lease do not pay property taxes –Taxes may be collected from large businesses

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Federal Funding Usually designated for specific special programs Supplementary financial support from –Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 –Carl Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1984 –No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Private Funding Charitable foundations award grants for –special projects –solving problems related to foundation goals Individuals and groups help schools

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Discussion © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock Does your school receive any private funding? If so, from whom?

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Problem of Unequal School Funding Spending is unequal –from one state to another –from one district to another Spending per pupil used to compareSpending per pupil School districts with lower property values have lower property taxes continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Problem of Unequal School Funding Students from lower-income areas often need a higher level of services (school funding gap)school funding gap Some states and districts provide additional funding for schools that need extra services –Many of these schools have lower test scores, higher dropout rates (achievement gap)achievement gap

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Reflection Think of some examples of unequal funding in your state or area. © Archipoch/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Private Schools and Home Schooling Private schools –do not receive public funding –set their own policies Home schooling –Parents are responsible for teaching and evaluating –Involves a major commitment of time and effort

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Discussion © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock What are the pros and cons of home schooling?

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Give examples of how schools and communities interact. © Susan Law Cain/ Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Communities and Schools Citizens take pride in student accomplishments Positive school-community relationships benefit both sides

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Parents and Schools Parents want their children to have the best possible education © sonya etchison/Shutterstock continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Parents and Schools Schools encourage teachers to communicate with parents Parental involvement in the school makes parental support stronger

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Business and Industry Links Businesses and industries need potential workers A capable workforce is important to a community’s economy Businesses may –design or upgrade related school programs –raise money to pay for improvements continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Business and Industry Links Businesses may enter into a more formal relationship with a school (a corporate- education partnership)corporate- education partnership © iofoto/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Schools and Community Resources Community resources that help schools –Community social services –Public libraries –Museums –Area colleges and universities –Career and technical programs Ways schools help communities –Adult education classes –Purchasing supplies from local businesses

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Describe societal problems that impact schools and learning, along with possible solutions. © MANDY GODBEHEAR/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Social Problems Affect Schools Problems that affect students’ learning They are serious and hard to solve May cause students to fail or even drop out

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Reflection What social problems have influenced your experiences in school? © Archipoch/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Poverty Children living in poverty are more likely to –have inadequate nutrition, suffer from hunger –be sick more often or have untreated conditions –have trouble getting adequate rest –have a lack of resources at home, such as books or computers continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Poverty Children living in poverty are at riskat risk –May struggle with self-esteem –May have to contribute to family income –May move and change schools often –May have trouble building relationships with peers and teachers –Emotional security makes it hard to concentrate

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What Can Schools Do? Education can break the cycle of poverty © Brandon Bourdages/Shutterstock continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What Can Schools Do? Schools can –draw on community resources –work with service agencies to help families –monitor students’ progress closely –get tutoring for students who need it –find mentors for students in the communitymentors –get students involved in school activities

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Violence Students may experience violence in their neighborhoods Living in fear affects ability to concentrate –Bullying and intimidation, including cyberbullying cyberbullying –Sexual and racial harassment –Physical violence

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What Can Schools Do? Involve parents and communities in efforts Establish a zero tolerance policy (usually resulting in expulsion)zero tolerance policy expulsion © Robert Elias/Shutterstock continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What Can Schools Do? Establish strict standards for nonviolent behavior Help change attitudes to value tolerance, acceptance, and fairness Teach students conflict-resolution skills

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Sexually Active Students Sexual activity can result in –teen pregnancy (may drop out of school, struggle to care for child, live in poverty) –sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV- AIDS* (may not be able to be cured, can result in early death) –** Your Text Book was published in 2010! –March 4, 2013 – Baby Cured of HIV… – treatment/ treatment/

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What Can Schools Do? Help students develop self-esteem and decision-making skills © Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What Can Schools Do? Use community resources, such as health and social service agencies, to educate Offer support for pregnant and parenting teens

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Alcohol and Other Drugs Can adversely affect learning Have devastating consequences –Impair judgment –Lead to a life-altering event –Result in addiction

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What Can Schools Do? Promote communication, discipline Encourage groups, such as Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD) © Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How Can Teachers Make a Difference? Address problems as soon as possible Watch for symptoms to identify possible problems Provide students and parents with a warm and caring relationship Link families with community resources

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Points States, school districts, federal government all involved in education States pay for school through taxes Relationships between schools and parents and communities are important Schools are affected by societal problems

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Where do schools get the majority of their funding?  the state List four social problems that affect schools.  poverty, violence, sexually active students, alcohol and other drugs continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review ____ is intimidation through , social networking sites, and texting.  Cyberbullying What is usually the result of a zero tolerance policy?  expulsion

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS achievement gap. The differences in learning and graduation rates among schools, often linked to differences in school populations and funding. at risk. Describes students or groups with characteristics that make them more likely to fail academically.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS corporate-education partnership. An arrangement in which a business or industry provides support for a school. This support may involve financial resources, sharing expertise, or a variety of other forms of help.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS cyberbullying. Intimidation or bullying through , social networking sites, text messaging, or other electronic means. expulsion. When a student loses the right to attend school for a specified period of time. mentor. An adult who commits to a long- term relationship with a student to provide support, guidance, and help.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS school funding gap. The problem that occurs when schools in districts with lower levels of income from property taxes have a higher proportion of students who are low-income and need a higher level of services.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS spending per pupil. The average amount of money a school spends to educate a student for one year. zero tolerance policy. A policy that states that prohibited behaviors and actions will not be tolerated—no exceptions.