Brian J. Enquist Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona, Tucson, A.Z. and The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, N.M. Brian J. Enquist Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona, Tucson, A.Z. and The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, N.M. BIEN, MBG, iPToL, Developing a Taxonomic Name Resolution Service: Overview of Science and Initial Meeting Goals

BIEN – Botanical Information and Ecology Network Specimens Ecological observations species/individual observations, Trait Data + =

Map by N. Swenson Green et al. Science (2008) Merging plant specimens from various herbaria, plots, and ecological data (functional traits) Swenson and Enquist (2007) American Journal of Botany Example of potential science to be done...

BIEN is a synthetic NCEAS working group Systematists, ecologists, informaticians and computer scientists We are presenting a new model forward for asking questions in botanical science BIEN NCEAS Working Group Dec > 2009, 2010

Plots with plant community abundance, diversity, size information Building on work by Alwyn Gentry... (1) Plot Data Literally thousands of ecological vegetation plots by numerous researchers

Integrating Plot Networks

(2) Specimen Data….

Exchange schema(s) Confederated resource DATA SCRUBBING CORRECTING Plot and Trait Data Specimen Data Science Data Standardization Tools TAXONOMIC INTELLIGENCE BIEN Initial Roadmap

(1) Specific short-term science questions at the nexus of merging herbarium, plot (abundance), and observation (trait) data for plants in the Americas. (2) Technology development goals associated with answering these questions effectively – as well as to establish an informatics methodology for continuing to assemble and integrate relevant observation data for this and other projects. BIEN Initial Project Goals (3) Longer-term program development – seek support to develop a permanent technical solution to the integration of vegetation/trait/botanical data

Q 3: What are the physiological, demographic, environmental, and phylogenetic correlates of rarity and commonness across environmental gradients? Can these correlates be used to predict vulnerability or resistance to extinction for species and communities under differing scenarios of habitat loss and climate change? Q 2: How are abundance and range size related? For example, do trees with small ranges tend to be rare, relative to widespread species? Q 1: How does climate influence the relative distribution of narrow and widespread species? Do these relationships vary in tropical and temperate environments? BIEN Initial Science Goals

Use collections and observations from plots to then map/model distributions University of Arizona Diversity Mapper

BIEN2.0 Database (March 2010) Core specimen datasets for the Americas (GBIF, MBG) Core plots datasets (FIA, CTFS, VEGBANK, SALVIAS) BIEN database is housed at NCEAS and contains Core species trait database (Literature and collaborators) 7.5 million specimens 10.7 plot observations ~ 18 million individual taxon strings Traits: 25, Species: 36,241, Records: 122,230 ~ 250,000 unique taxa (!) indicating synonyms comprise large fraction of names Use these data to generate measures of geographic ranges, measures of abundance and trait composition

- Spring 2009, expanded BIEN group and submitted a proposal to become a ‘Grand Challenge’ team at iPlant Long story.... Central Grand Challenge team is the ‘Tree of Life’ team (iPToL) Formalized a two year partnership with iPlant to work closely with iPToL -To fund collaborations with MBG -To develop cyberinfrastructure to support development of a TNRS and synonymized New World Plant Names Database (NWPND) - To ‘do science’ by merging ecology and traits on iPToL phylogenies. Longer-term program development

Why Develop a TNRS? The ‘names problem’ is one of the most fundamental impediments to biological science The plant sciences do not yet have the cyberinfrastructure needed for taxonomic standardization Our inability to integrate differing heterogeneous data sources across differing temporal and spatial scales has significantly limited our ability to answer key scientific questions (applied and academic).

Taxonomic Name Resolution Service Taxonomic Name Resolution Service iPlant Tree of Life (iPToL) APWeb Group Generic Synonymy APWeb Tropicos Core: Names, Specimens, References, People Projects / Concepts Alt. Classifications Literature links Vouchered Images The Plant List iPlant NCEAS BIEN MOBOT Informatics Relationship Between Institutional and Efforts iPlant cyberinfrastructure development team

- Develop a botanical Taxonomic Name Resolution Service (TNRS) to authenticate botanical names against a standard list of published taxa -Develop an authoritative, synonymized NWPND that will allow New World plant occurrence data to be mapped to a standard set of taxon concepts. Primary goals of this BIEN/MBG/iPToL collaboration will be to work together with software developers and technology staff at iPlant to: Specific goals for this meeting

Technology to be developed with iPlant - The TNRS & NWPND will be web services, with batch- processing capability and an intuitive user interface - The TNRS & NWPND services will be available to any user interested in correcting and harmonizing names of plant taxa. Developed with the assistance of programmers and technical support from iPlant. The development of the TNRS & NWPND necessitates short- and long-term goals. It is up to us to define these goals in order to develop this technology.

(i) Overview of science - Science goals will help define use cases, needs, and structure of the TNRS. (ii) Agree upon outcomes - Ensure MBG, BIEN, iPTOL and collaborators are clear on respective needs and desired outcomes. (iii) Articulate ‘use cases’ - will define what TNRS should and should not do as well as clarify programming and technology needs. **(iv) Articulate short and long-term goals for the TNRS ** (v) Detail longer term vision and goals - for next TNRS meetings and technology development goals between now and future meetings. General Goals for This Meeting - Rank in order of importance - Rank in order of ease of implementation

To start we need to clearly articulate short- and long-term goals. Initially, toward a TNRS, we propose two lines of development: (1) (2) These lines of development can start separately but ultimately will merge Synonymy Name Matching

Short-term goals (implement within first year) (1) Name matching Compile complete list of names within TROPICOS and ideally IPNI. Flag taxa occurring within the Americas, Define and articulate the basic functions of proposed web service, including but not limited to: - To match a user-submitted list of names against authoritative list. - Build an interface for user interpretation and adjudication of ambiguous cases based on match rankings - To catch and correct common spelling mistakes, atomize data elements, extract additional concatenated information, etc. Data Applications

(2) Synonymy - Identify other digitized sources of monographic and regional synonymy The expectation is that these will provide a common framework for combining various authoritative lists into a first draft of a New World plant taxon checklist - Define functions of application for checking submitted names against list of synonymized names. Applications - Interface for user interpretation and adjudication of ambiguous cases - Ranking of degrees of ambiguity - Digitized synonymized checklists within MBG. Data: Short-term goals (implement within first year)

In this meeting we will not create a requirements document or detailed work flows The charge for the meeting is to finalize short-term goals for TNRS and immediate ‘use cases’ to develop the bullet points of these documents -These documents will be created on project wiki after the meeting with the feedback from the TNRS collaborators - Documents will be used to then start developing the prototype of the TNRS this year for implementation from technology staff and programmers at iPlant.