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 Write a response to the following statement.  5 minutes – 5 points  Please define:  the mind  the brain.  How they are similar or different? 2

 The scientific study of behavior and mental processes  What is behavior ?– Anything an organism does - anything that can be observed  What are mental processes? – the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings) 3

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Socrates ( B.C. )Plato ( B.C. ) 5 Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate.

 Socrates and Plato used logic to come to their findings.  LOGIC – the science that investigates the principles of governing correct or reliable inferences 6

Aristotle ( B.C.) 7 Aristotle, Plato’s student, suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.

 Used careful observations  From observing people, Aristotle believed that knowledge is not preexisting; instead, it grows from the experiences stored in our memories. 8

Rene Descartes ( ) 9 Descartes, like Socrates and Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated.

 The mind and body must communicate – when you put your hand in the fire, your mind feels the pain  How? - According to Descartes, there are “animal spirits” that travel. These spirits travel through hollow nerves from the brain to muscles, creating experiences and memories – known as reflexes 10

 Study Figure 1 on pg 10 (Three Main Levels of Analysis) aka – Bio-Psycho-Social approach – be prepared to analyze a behavior or mental process using this approach  Example - anger 11

John Locke ( ) 12 Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.

Think – Pair – Share Think about the question Pair up with a partner Share out with the class when called  Who were the early people we studied in psychology and what did they believe?

What comes from Locke?  Locke’s beliefs helped form modern empiricism (knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation) 14

Key Terms  Monism – the belief that the mind and body are separate, different aspects of the same thing – Exist independently of each other  Dualism – the presumption that the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact – exist in concert with each other  Mind – what the brain does  Brain – the physical component of the head 15

 Place your BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL homework on your desk to be checked for completion.  We are going to check your work together, as a class. After reviewing, if you are missing a component of the BIO-PSYCH-SOCIAL approach, add it to your chart.

17 Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in Wundt ( ) Titchner ( )

 Wundt and his student Titchner focused on the elements of mind, and studied it by using introspection (self-reflection).  Introspection – asking people to look inside themselves and share their beliefs, feelings, etc…  Problems with introspection – people have to be honest and straightforward

Functionalism 19 Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed structuralism. William James ( )Mary Calkins

 James suggested that it would be more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings than simply studying the elements of mind. Based on the theory of evolution, he suggested that the function of these thoughts and feelings was adaptive.

 James admitted the first woman student Mary Calkins to Harvard and tutored her. Despite his efforts she was not able to attain her PhD from Harvard.

The Unconscious Mind 22 Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior. Freud ( )

23 Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology. Watson ( ) Skinner ( ) Behaviorism

Humanistic Psychology 24 Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. Maslow ( ) Rogers ( )

What does Nature vs. Nurture mean to you?

Nature versus Nurture Nature What we are born with – Genes, heredity, etc… Nurture How we are raised – our surroundings, environment, etc… 26 Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Darwin ( )

27 Bio-psycho-social approach considers the influence of biological, psychological, and socio- cultural factors on behavior. Each approach provides an incomplete explanation of behaviors.

 GENETIC PREDISPOSITION  GENETIC MUTATIONS  NATURAL SELECTION OF ADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORS  GENES RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT

 LEARNED FEARS AND OTHER LEARNED EXPECTATIONS  EMOTIONAL RESPONSES  COGINITIVE PROCESS AND PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATIONS

 PRESENCES OF OTHERS  CULTURAL, SOCIETAL, AND FAMILY EXPECTATIONS  PEER AND OTHER GROUP INFLUENCES  COMPELLING MODELS

 With a partner, take turns coming up with the type of questions a psychologist might ask when doing their job.  Example – How does that make you feel?

 Different psychologist specialize in different areas. Following are the current perspective, their focus, and sample questions that help describe each perspective. 32

Focus:  How the body and brain enables emotions  Questions:  How are messages transmitted in the body?  How is blood chemistry linked with mood and motives? 33

Focus:  How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? Questions:  How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? 34

Focus:  How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? Questions:  To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes?  To our environment? 35

Focus:  How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts ? Questions:  How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? 36

Focus:  How we learn observable responses? Questions:  How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations?  What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking? 37

Focus:  How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? Questions:  How do we use information in remembering?  Reasoning?  Problem solving? 38

Focus:  How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures ? Questions:  How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family?  As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? 39

1. Someone working from the _____________ perspective might study how anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors’ genes. answer – Evolutionary Perspective

2. Someone working from the ____________ perspective might study the facial expressions and body gestures that accompany anger, or might attempt to determine which external stimuli results in angry responses or aggressive acts. answer - behavioral

3. Someone working on the ________ perspective might study how our interpretation of a situation affects our anger and how our anger affects our thinking. answer - Cognitive

4. Someone working from the ___________ perspective might view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility. answer - Psychodynamic

5. Someone working on the ___________ perspective might explore which situations produce the most anger, and how expressions of anger vary across cultural contexts. answer – Social-Cultural

6. Someone working from the __________ perspective might study the brain circuits that produce the physical state of being “red in the face” and “hot under the collar.” answer - Neuroscience

7. Someone working from the _____________ perspective might study how heredity and experience influence our individual differences in temperament. answer – Behavior Genetics Perspective

a. A white-coated scientist probing a rat’s brain. b. An intelligence research measuring how quickly an infant becomes bored with a familiar picture. c. An executive evaluating a new “health life-style” training program for employees. d. Someone at a computer keyboard analyzing data on whether adopted teens’ temperaments more closely resemble those of their adoptive parents or those of their biological parents. e. A therapist listening carefully to a client’s depressed thoughts. f. A traveler en route to another culture to collect data on variations in human values and behaviors g. A teacher or writer sharing the joy of psychology with others

ALL OF THEM REPRESENT A PSYCHOLOGIST

Basic Research To build psychology’s knowledge base Applied Research Aims to solve a practical problem

PsychologistWhat they do Biological Explore the links between brain and mind. Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Personality Investigate our persistent traits. Social Explore how we view and affect one another. 50

51 Data: APA 1997

PsychologistWhat they do Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace. 52

53 Data: APA 1997

A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. 54

1. I meet regularly with a person suffering with bi-polar disorder. I evaluate them and offer treatment in the form of therapy and medication. Answer – Clinical Psychologist

2. I work at a university where I meet with students to discuss with them how they learn and develop as a student. My research also includes meeting with grade-school children. Answers – Educational Psychologist

3. I am a medical doctor that treats the mind. I can prescribe medication to my patients. Answer - Psychiatrist

4.I am a psychologist that consults with large corporations on how they can become more productive by providing motivation and incentives to their workers. Answer – Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

5.I lend an ear to people when they feel overwhelmed. I often discuss martial problems, academic problems, and social problems with my clients. The type of treatment I offer my clients is mostly being an ear and offering support. Answer – Counseling Psychologist

6.I am a psychologist with a Ph.D. I treat my patients with psychotherapy. Answer – Clinical Psychologist

Salaries for Various Psychology Jobs  Career Counselor: $46,000  Clinical Psychologist: $63,000 Clinical Psychologist  Counselor: $47,530  Health Psychologist: $40,000 (entry-level) to $85,000 (advanced-level) Health Psychologist  Industrial-Organizational Psychologist: $97,820 Industrial-Organizational Psychologist  Psychiatrist: $144,020  School Counselor: $53,750  School Psychologist: $59,440 School Psychologist  Sports Psychologist: $54,000 Sports Psychologist  Substance Abuse Counselor: $59,460

 Clinical Psychologist: Doctorate Degree in Psychology (4 to 7 years of graduate school) Clinical Psychologist  Industrial-Organizational Psychologist: Master's Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school) Industrial-Organizational Psychologist  Licensed Counselor: Master's Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school) Licensed Counselor  School Psychologist: Varies by state (2 to 3 years of graduate school) School Psychologist  Health Psychologist: Doctorate Degree (4 to 5 years of graduate school) Health Psychologist  Sports Psychologist: Master's Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school) Sports Psychologist  School Psychologist: Master's degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school) School Psychologist  Child Psychologist: Doctoral degree (5 to 7 years of graduate school) Child Psychologist  Criminal Psychologist: Master's degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school); a doctoral degree is recommended. Criminal Psychologist

 You have to choose a career in psychology. What type of psychologist would you like to become and why? What educational sacrifices would you have to make?  Write a 1 page response. – 50 points

 Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads.  Question: Ask questions. Make notes.  Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections and chapters in entirety.  Review: Margin definitions. Study learning outcomes.  Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with quizzes. 64 Your Study of Psychology Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)

 People of psychology and what they believed  Schools of psychology  Nature vs nurture  Perspectives of psychology  Types of psychologist  SQ3R 65