Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing1 2. The Next Wave of Computing 2.1 The Networks and Evolution of Cellular Networks and Cell Phones The History of Cellular Systems  First-Generation (1G) System IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone System), 1960s AMPS, 800-MHz 에서 832 채널 이상 FDMA 이용 TACS (Total Access Communication System) NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) Cell phone roaming among different first generation systems was not possible, and a lack of standardization substantially impeded development of these systems.

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing2  Second-Generation (2G) Systems The 2G cellular systems are digital rather than analog. Two major types of 2G communication networks are global system for mobile (GSM) communication and code-division multiple access (CDMA). The multiple-access method in GSM systems is time-division multiple access (TDMA). The CDMA standard was developed and promoted primarily by Qualcomm, based on the IS-95 standard. The major difference between GSM and CDMA lies in the spectrum- spreading technique in the radio layer of the wireless network. GSM uses FDM to divide the spectrum into channels, and then uses TDM to further divide channels into time slots. In CDMA, the entire spectrum could possibly be used by an individual node. It is not until the second-generation cellular systems that world-wide roaming of mobile services became a reality, it although was only possible within the same type of systems.

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing3 On the road toward the third-generation, high-rate, digital, cellular networks, some interim systems were developed to fulfill the need for mobile data service without deploying an entity new system and to fully leverage the legacy systems. These so-called 2.5 G systems, such as GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA x. The application offered by 2.5G systems include wireless access protocol (WAP)-based wireless Internet, text messaging, voice and picture services, and instant messaging, among others.  Third- and Fourth-Generation Systems International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000), ITU, IMT-2000 defined the general data rate requirements for 3G services, including: 2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments 384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments 144 kbps in wide area mobile environments It officially recognized five industry standards as 3G services: WCDMA, cdma2000, TD-SCDMA, UWC-136, and DECT+.

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing4 The next generation of cellular networks (4G) are expected to provide a bandwidth of up to 100 Mbps. Unlike 3G networks, the 4G systems are completely packet switched.  The Theme of Technological Advances in the Wireless Industry The shift between the generations took place in three important areas: voice signal sampling, transmission or switching, and payload in the system, all closely intertwined at each shift. Voice Point-to-Point Thin DataRich Data Payload Circuit Switching Packet Switching Circuit Swiching Combined Packet Switching Transmission Analog Digital Analog Combined Full Digital Signal 1G 2G 3G 4G

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing The Evolution of Cell Phones  Evolution of Cell Phones CategoryAnalogDigitalSmart Phone Size “ Brick ” “ Palm ”, “ clamshell ”, or “ candy bar ” “ palm ”, “ clamshell ”, or “ candy bar ” Weight Display 1 to 2 lb N/A 6 to 8 oz Monochrome or color, Small, 172*120 pixels Color, 320*240 pixels Processor For very basic communication tasks For preliminary tasks For some advanced tasks such as multimedia playback Memory Only to store phone numbers Several megabytes 64 MB or more, plus flash memory Noncellular interfaces N/ASyn with computersBlutooth, WiFi, GPS, etc. Battery Short talk time and standby time Longer talk time and standby time Price Several thousand dollars A wide range, from free to several hundred dollars Several hundred dollars or less

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing6 2.2 The Evolution of PDAs The History of PDAs

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing7  A Summary of key PDA technologies. Handwritting Recognition Communication Interface With easy-to-use synchronization and point-to-point infrared beaming, the capabilities of PDAs have been greatly expanded. The host computer acts as a proxy for the PDA for information access over a network. As a consequence, wireless technologies such as wireless cellular access, wireless LAN access, and Bluetooth, started to become a necessary communication interface on PDAs. To date the most frequently included wireless interfaces on a PDA are Bluetooth and wireless LAN. The fundamental difference between PDAs and cell phones is that a PDA is a pure computing device and a cell phone is primary a communication device. 2.3 PDAs Versus Cell Phones  Both PDAs and cell phones are undergoing drastic changes in terms of offered functionality.

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing8  A multifunction mobile device that can do both and more is a natural direction; consequently, the boundaries between these types of mobile devices continues to blur and may eventually melt away.  PDA Versus Cell Phone CategoryPDAsCell Phone (Voice Only) Major usePersonal information managementMobile and telephony and messaging SizeLarger, postcardSmaller, palm size Weight6 to 9 oz6 to 8 oz Display Monochrome or color, large 240*320 or higher Monochrome or color, small, 172*120 Processor ARM, StrongARM, DragonBall, several hundred MHz Proprietary processors of several hundred MHz Memory64 Mb or more 4- to 8-Mb SRAM with an 8- or 16-Mb NOR Flash Interfaces USB, serial, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wireless LAN Bluetooth BatteryVery long working timeA few hours of talk time Price Ranging from less than $100 to several hundred dollars Comparatively inexpensive or even free

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing9 2.4 The Convergence of Mobile Devices The Convergence of PDAs and Cell Phones  A smart phone is a converged mobile device that supplies a rich set of datacentric computing and communication applications and services in addition to seamlessly integrate PDAs and cell phones into a single set of hardware components.  The first generation of smart phones is simply a multifunction cell phone with PIM support.  The second generation of smart phones is likely to support many other wireless data networks such as wireless LAN, ultra-wideband, and wireless sensing, thereby allowing extensive data access and cooperation between the smart phone and various wireless networks.  An entirely new set of applications and services will be available for the next generation of smart phones.

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing10  The design philosophy is that rather than cramming multiple separated functions into a single device, a smart phone should leverage the surrounding wireless environment as much as possible to provide a new dimension of application for convenient information access, personal and group communication, and human-machine and human- environment interactions The Convergence of Cell Phones and Mobile Entertainment Devices  While communication among cell phones is primary comprised of voice and text messaging, mobile entertainment users will be supplied with a variety of data communication methods, ranging from infrastructure- based music download, to peer-to-peer multiplayer gaming, to multicast multimedia streaming, etc Smart Phone: The Universal Mobile Terminal  A smart phone will incorporate some functions of mobile entertainment devices and other consumer electronic wireless devices.

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing11  A smart phone will be a universal mobile terminal in the future mobile computing realm.  It is not only a communication device, but also a computing device, powered by the next generation of wireless networks ranging from wireless PAN to worldwide cellular networks.  A smart phone may be used as a wireless control device to allow unified monitoring, positioning, and control over consumer electronic devices.  Challenging issues Battery life Display technology Wireless interference 2.5 Smart Phone Applications and Services First-Generation Smart Phone Applications

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing12  Mobile telephony: phone call, voice mail services.  Short message service (SMS)  Enhanced message service (EMS): multimedia message service (MMS)  Cell phone positioning  Navigation system with traffic information and geographic information system (GIS)  Instant messaging: AOL instant messaging, MSN messaging  , calendar, organizer, and notepad  Address book  Wireless Internet browsing  Data synchronization with a computer or another mobile device  Information push service  Audio/video/television streaming service

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing Second-Generation Smart Phone Applications  Voice over IP (VoIP) or voice over wireless IP (VoWIP)  Mobile commerce  Mobile enterprise  Mobile gaming  Mobile music  Remote access  Remote monitoring  Mobile wallet and mobile ticketing  Mobile social networking  Mobile ID/key

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