Seed Quality Variety life span

Value Shifts Continue No longer just a seed… Planting unit Technology Vigor Protection Fiber Quality Additional Traits $$FRONT END LOADED!! IT ALL BEGINS WITH THE SEED

Cost of Technology – North Arkansas B2RF - $56.24 BGRR- $41.93 Flex - $43.76 B2LL - $50.40 South Arkansas B2RF - $69.68 BGRR- $54.20 Flex - $48.00 B2LL - $56.40 $ more to add 1sd/ft

Standard Germination Test Temperature alternates between 20C (68F) for 16 hours and 30C (86F) for 8 hours.

Cool Germination Test Cool Germination Test Temperature constant 18C (64.4F)

Cool Germination Test  <50poor  acceptable, use special care  good  >80 superior

SOIL TEMPERATURE < 65 = 75 5 DAY FORECAST - COLDER & WETTER= 50 SEED QUALITY - COLD GERM < 59% = 75 FIELD HISTORY - SEVERE DISEASE = 100 TILLAGE - MINIMUM TILLAGE = 50 ROW PREPARATION - BEDS ABSENT = 75 SEEDING RATE - 3-4/FOOT OF ROW = 100 IF TOTAL EXCEEDS 100 THEN USE AN IN- FURROW FUNGICIDE - TENNESSEE; NORTH CAROLINA

Keith Edmisten, NCSU, 1999 Plants/ftLint lb/A Black Seed+Disyston c807 b Treated Seed+Disyston1.87 bc819 b Treated Seed+Temik bc923 ab Treated Seed+Disyston TSX ab975 a Treated Seed+Temik + TSX 2.77 a939 a LSD CV(%)

1. Account for field VARIATION. 2. Help determine if results are REPEATABLE. Soil A Soil B Soil C Soil D Var A 3 varieties, 1 replication, moduled plots Var B Var C

1. Account for field VARIATION. 2. Help determine if results are REPEATABLE. Soil A Soil B Soil C Soil D Var A, Rep 1 Var C, Rep 1 Var A, Rep 2 Var B, Rep 2Var C, Rep 2 Var B, Rep 1 Long, narrow plots are best 3 varieties, 2 replications

1. Account for field VARIATION. 2. Help determine if results are REPEATABLE. Soil A Soil B Soil C Soil D Var A, Rep 1 Var C, Rep 1 Var A, Rep 2 Var B, Rep 2Var C, Rep 2 Var B, Rep 1 Long, narrow plots are best 3 varieties, 3 replications Var A, Rep 3 Var C, Rep 3 Var B, Rep 3

Seed Co. % Market Share BrandNC SCGA Deltapine Stoneville Phytogen Americot Dyna-Gro Fibermax<1 <1 3 Reference: USDA-AMS

NORTH CAROLINA SOUTH CAROLINAGEORGIA PHY 375WRF – 21 %DPL 555BR – 31%DPL 555BR – 83% ST 4427B2RF – 11%DPL 0935B2RF – 15% PHY 370WR – 3% ST 4554B2RF – 10%AM 1550B2RF – 10%DPL 0935B2RF – 3% DPL 0935B2RF – 8%DPL 0949B2RF – 7%DPL 0949B2RF – 2% DPL 0924B2RF – 7%DPL 0924B2RF – 6%ST 5458B2RF – 1% DPL 555BR – 6% DPL 455BR – 4%PHY 480WR – 1% DG 2570B2RF – 6%DPL 161B2RF – 4%FM 1740B2F – 1 % ST 5327B2RF – 4% DG 2570B2RF – 4%PHY 485WRF – 1 % ALL OTHERS – 27%ALL OTHERS – 19%ALL OTHERS – 5% Reference: USDA-AMS

NO. OF SE % OF TRIALS % OF TRIALS % OF TRIALS VARIETY OVT TRIALS TOP 25% TOP 50% TOP 75% DPL 454 BR DG 2570B2RF DPL 555 BR MN 09R621B2RF DPL 515BR DPL 455 BR DPL 0935B2RF DPL 0920B2RF DPL 0912B2RF PHY 370WR

VarietyLint Yield% OpenUHMMike PHY367WRF1364** DP0920B2RF1331* DP0912B2RF1328* DG2570B2RF1328* FM1740B2F1314* DP0924B2RF1310* R621B2R21305* AM1550B2RF1304* ST5458B2RF1304* ST5288B2F1289* PHY375WRF1276* ST4288B2F1272* PHY565WRF1265* ST4427B2RF1261* ST4498B2RF1257* PHY370WR1252* CG4020B2RF1251*

VarietyLint Yield% OpenUHMMike 09R619B2R21251* DP0949B2RF1241* CG3220B2RF1240* DP0935B2RF1225* ST5327B2RF1223* ST4554B2RF CG3520B2RF NG3331B2RF CG3020B2RF PHY5922WRF PHY485WRF DP141B2RF DP161B2RF NG4370B2RF CG3035B2RF DP174B2RF

DP09R615 DP1028B2RF DP09R550 DP1032B2RF DP09R999 DP1034B2RF DP09R605 DP1048B2RF DP09R573 DP1050B2RF

Darrin M. Dodds 1 C. L. Main 2, L. T. Barber 3, J. E. Woodward 4, R. Boman 4, J. Whitaker 5, K. Edmisten 6, N. W. Buehring 1, and T. Allen 1. Mississippi State University 1, The University of Tennessee 2, University of Arkansas 3, Texas AgriLife Extension Service 4, University of Georgia 5, North Carolina State University 6

Alternaria – lesions with brown or purple margins Older lesions have concentric rings with center falling out in some Cercospera – small red lesions that enlarge and have white to brown center Avoid all stress – esp. potassium, destruction of residue Ascochyta – light brown lesions that coalesce on leaves Lesion have dark brown borders Stemphylium - small circular brown lesions with concentric rings Older lesions have a white center which can drop out. Helminthosporium leaf spot Sciumbato 2009

Yield increases following fungicide application have been observed Fungicide application when hardlock occurrence is <30% is ineffective Limited utility of fungicides for control of hardlock No yield response due to foliar application Jones et al Padgett et al Mailhot et al Woodward et al. 2009

Figure 1. Untreated cotton foliage

Figure 2. Quadris 6 oz early bloom + 6 oz 21 d.

Figure 3. Headline 6 oz early bloom + 6 oz 21 d.

Common Name Trade Name Application Timing Application Code Application Rate Kg ai ha -1 oz prod ac -1 AzoxystrobinQuadris™1 st BloomA st BloomA DAAB st BloomA DAAB PyraclostrobinHeadline™1 st BloomA st BloomA DAAB st BloomA DAAB0.2212

LSD (0.05) = NSD Fungicide % of Untreated Check 6 Locations in 2008 and 2009 p = 0.55

FungicideRateMicStapleStrengthUniformity inches g tex % Quadris™12 oz oz oz Headline ™12 oz oz oz Untreated p LSD (0.05)NS NS

Seth Holt and Keith Edmisten

Cotton with dense canopies often requires defoliating twice – expensive In some cases, a significant portion of acres are mature enough to defoliate, however the picker may not be able to harvest all acres at one time Fromme et al., (2003) investigated preconditioning cotton for defoliation

Early, mild preconditioning defoliation treatments could… Promote rapid defoliation Remove older leaves for a more complete defoliation Promote an earlier harvest, cleaner fiber, reduce weathering potential

To investigate the effects of various hormonal and herbicidal defoliants for preconditioning cotton for defoliation To determine optimal rate(s) of these chemistries for optimal preconditioning defoliation

VA (2007), NC (2007 & 2008) Aggressive varieties = ST 6611 B2RF (2007) and DP 164 B2RF (2008) at 4 sd/ft on-farm location in Duplin County, NC – high moisture soils fertilized with 6 tons/A poultry litter Preconditioning treatments: Non-treated control No Preconditioning trt Prep (5.3, 10.6, 16 and 21.2 oz/A) Def (4 and 8 oz/A) ET (1 and 2 oz/A)

Standard defoliation treatment: Def 8 oz/A Prep 1.3 pt/A Dropp 0.1 lbs a.i. /A All preconditioning and defoliation treatments were applied with a CO 2 backpack sprayer with flat-fan nozzles, calibrated to deliver 15 GPA Randomized complete block design containing 4 replications Data were subjected to ANOVA using SAS v and means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD at P < 0.05

F E D BC CD A B AB VA – 2007 LSD = 6.3

C B AB A A A NC – 2007 LSD = 10.9

E D C A AB BC ABC C NC LSD = 9.1

C B AB A AAA All locations LSD = 6.8

D C B AB A NC LSD = 7.2

A BC B C C NC LSD = 11.4

No Preconditioning treatment Pre-treated Day of standard defoliation trt 7 days after standard defoliation trt

Most preconditioning treatments improved defoliation compared to no preconditioning treatment Higher rates of Prep, Def, ET may improve defoliation Likely a better strategy for thick canopies, allowing for a more efficient defoliation

Preconditioning improves overall defoliation and perhaps promote earlier harvest Preconditioning treatments had NO EFFECT on: -lint yield - lint percentage -fiber quality - percent open bolls on the day of standard defoliation -nodes above cracked boll in any year