Essential Question: – How did Jefferson & his “agrarian republicanism” help forge a new national identity after the “Revolution of 1800”? Warm-Up Question: – Summarize the key differences between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

The Rise of the Republicans Thomas Jefferson as President History Channel Video: Jefferson

America in 1800: America in 1800: Society & Economy

North America in 1800 Intense migration to West after 1790 led to new states Kentucky (1792) Ohio (1803) Tennessee (1796) The Mississippi River was key to commerce in West, but New Orleans still controlled by Spain Major population growth: US grew by 2 million people from

Native American Resistance Some Indians resisted: Shawnee – Tecumseh (Shawnee) swayed many tribes to stop selling land & avoid contact with whites White leaders rejected coexistence with Indians: – Jefferson planned a vast reservation west of Miss River – Desire to “civilize” Indians into yeoman farmers

The American Economy in 1800 In 1810, 84% of Americans involved directly in agriculture : – South: sold tobacco, rice, cotton – North—livestock & cereals Boston, NY, Phila associated with international trade, otherwise cities played a marginal role (only 7% of pop lived in cities) OK…now you can start talking about southern cotton; Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793

Commercial Life in the Cities Industrialization & mechanization were just beginning in America: – Samuel Slater designed cotton- spinning factories in NE; but far more textiles were homemade – Robert Fulton created the first steamship in 1807 – Skilled craftsmen were frightened by new machinery

Jefferson as President

Jefferson entered office after the “revolution of 1800” with goals: – To reduce size & cost of gov’t – To repeal Alien & Sedition Acts – To combat Adams’ “midnight appointments” – To maintain international peace Jefferson named James Madison as Sec of State & Swiss-born Albert Gallatin as Sec of Treasury

Jeffersonian Reforms Jefferson’s priority was to cut the federal debt & reduce gov’t role: – Repealed all direct taxes; relied on taxes on shipping to generate sufficient revenue – Slashed military spending, reduced the army by 50%, retired most naval ships Republican agrarianism! Small gov’t & a land of yeoman farmers! But…Jefferson approved of the creation of the Army Corps of Engineers & the US Military Academy at West Point

Adams’ Midnight Appointments Judiciary Act of 1801 Before leaving office, John Adams signed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which created new circuit courts filled with loyal Federalists: – “Midnight appointments” were obvious partisan politics – The most important Adams’ appointee was John Marshall as Chief Justice of Supreme Court Who will become the greatest Supreme Court chief justice ever!

In 1802, Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 & abolished these new federal courts – William Marbury sued to the Supreme Court because he was denied his appointment – Marbury v. Madison – Marbury v. Madison (1803)— Chief Justice Marshall ruled in favor of Jefferson, but asserted the independence of the courts Adams’ Midnight Appointments Federalists charged this was a violation Constitution Can only be removed if commit “high crimes or misdemeanors” The Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over Congress ending the Judicial Act of 1801 (Adams’ “midnight appointments”) Judicial Review For the 1st time the Supreme Court asserted its right to Judicial Review to determine the constitutionality of congressional actions

The Louisiana Purchase In 1801, France bought Louisiana from Spain & seemed ready to create an empire in North America – In 1803, Jefferson negotiated with France to buy New Orleans – Napoleon lost interest in America & offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million in ,000 soldiers died in attempt to suppress a revolution in Haiti

The Louisiana Purchase Jeffersonian contradictions: – The Constitution was vague on which branch had the authority to purchase new lands – Jefferson abandoned “strict separation” to buy Louisiana – Louisiana Gov’t Bill denied self-rule to Louisiana residents (mostly French & Spanish)

The Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark expedition was commissioned to explore West: – To determine if the Missouri River flowed to Pacific Ocean – To collect data on flora & fauna – Their 1805 report reaffirmed America’s faith in the future economic prosperity of US

The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis & Clark Expedition Left St. Louis in May 1804 & reached the Pacific in Nov 1805

Conflict With the Barbary States Barbary States in North Africa states demand tribute from trade ships sailing in Mediterranean Jefferson dispatched the US fleet to “negotiate through…a cannon” – US naval blockade led to peace treaty & gained America international respect

The Barbary States Oops…USS Philadelphia captured & destroyed

Jefferson’s Reelection Jefferson ended his 1 st term as president very popular: – Maintained international peace – Reduced taxes for Americans – Expanded US boundaries In 1804, Jefferson was reelected as president & the Republicans took the majority in Congress

Jefferson’s Critics

Despite his electoral victory, serious divisions divided Jefferson’s presidency: – Conflicts between Republicans (Jeffersonians vs. Quids) – Burr’s plot to separate the West from the USA – Sectional dispute over slavery

Tertium Quids Decline of the Federalists left little opposition for the Republicans: – Many Republicans, nicknamed the Tertium Quids (“nothings”), attacked Jefferson as sacrificing virtue to get results as president – Yazoo Controversy—35 million acres of land fraudulently sold – Quids attacked Jefferson for allowing defrauded individuals to keep lands they bought It may be well-meaning, but it condones fraud!

The Yazoo Controversy Fletcher v. Peck In Fletcher v. Peck (1810), the Supreme Court, led by John Marshall, ruled in favor of Jefferson & the original purchasers of the land Established a lasting precedent: state – The judicial branch can nullify any unconstitutional state laws Together with Marbury v Madison, the Supreme Court is really defining itself as a strong 3 rd branch of gov’t

The Aaron Burr Controversy Aaron Burr hated being VP & ran for governor of NY as a Federalist – Hamilton blocked Burr’s efforts – Burr killed Hamilton in a duel & was indicted for murder; his political career was over – Burr fled west & was caught in a scheme to secede the West from USA John Marshall acquitted Burr on Constitutional grounds of insufficient evidence Established the precedent that protected the civil rights of all Americans by not allowing circumstantial evidence

The Slave Trade At the Philadelphia Convention, slavery was tabled until 1808 In Dec 1806, Jefferson urged Congress to prepare a slave law: – Southerners furiously argued against any slavery legislation – Congress passed a law that ended the slave trade in 1808, but smugglers were to be turned over to local authorities