 How is life different in the North, South, and West?

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 U. S. Constitution o 3/5s compromise o fugitive slave clause  > Fugitive Slave Act.  > Slave Importation Outlawed  > Missouri Compromise  > stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

J By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state J 1820s: newly independent Republics of Central & South America declared slaves free J 1833: slavery abolished throughout British Empire J 1844: slavery abolished in French colonies J 1861: serfs of Russia were emancipated

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 Cotton was King! o Depended on British exports o Depended on new lands to expand o Depended on slaves to work fields  Very little industrial development o Some in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee  South: economically isolated (mostly)

 Primarily agrarian  Economic power shifts from “upper South” to “lower South”  “Cotton Is King!” o > 5 mil. bales a yr. o 57% of total US exports  Very slow development of industrialization  Rudimentary financial system  Inadequate transportation system

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Southern Society by 1850  Plantation Owners Other Whites (approx. 6 million total whites) Yeoman Farmers, Plain Folk, Hillbillies Free Blacks 250,000 Blacks Slaves 3,200,000

 Most Southern males: tradition of “chivalry” and aversion to industrialization.  Agrarian society (Father is head)  Personal responsibility for physical and moral well-being of dependents o Masculine code of honor placed the virtue of women on a pedestal o Paternalistic attitude towards slaves; a “kindly father-child relationship” o Right to obedience and labor o Slave has right to protection, guidance, subsistence, care and attention  Code of personal honor (dueling)

 might have owned as many as ten slaves; usually worked alongside them  75 percent of all southerners held no slaves

 Not involved in market economy o Home production  Little access to public education o Illiterate

 Hated planters  Hated blacks  Hated everybody  Hinton Helper’s Impending Crisis of the South (1859) o Poor whites will get fed up  Andrew Johnson o Anti-aristocracy o Only Southern Senator to keep seat o Will become President

 No legal status; wide range of laws governing treatment  Marriages often arranged for genetic reproduction  Slave families often separated  “Sold down the river” always a fear

 Slave Master Brands Slave Accoutrements Slave muzzle

 Anti-Slave Pamphlet

 Slave tag, SC Slave Accoutrements Slave leg irons Slave shoes

 “SAMBO” pattern of behavior used as a charade in front of whites (the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.).

 Diary from Dixie  one of best records of southern life during war

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 By 1860: U.S. third in world (behind Britain & France) because o Innovations/inventions o Use of assembly line o Use of interchangeable parts o Use of steam/water power o Improved transportation systems o Abundance of natural resources o Large food supply (western farmers) o Large labor supply (immigrants)

 How is life different in the North, South, and West?

 Can slavery continue?

 Gradual emancipation o Compensate owners o Return slaves to Africa  Gradual emancipation o Escape o Rebellion  Gradual emancipation o Appeal to conscience of slave owners  Exclude it in new territories o Let it die a natural death

 Attitude most prevalent North and upper South  For social reasons o Saw blacks as inferior  Resettlement in Liberia  Recognized by U.S. (1862)

 Daily acts: breaking tools, burning houses or crops, stealing food, self mutilation or work slowdowns  Females: fake sickness or menstrual cramps  Ultimate forms: murder or running away o Underground Railroad

 Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages  Monkey Wrench pattern (left) alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee  Drunkard Path design (right) warned escapees not to follow straight route

 Southerners biggest fear: ARMED SLAVE REBELLION

 Gabriel Prosser – 1800  Denmark Vesey – 1821  Nat Turner – 1831 o Saw himself as Christ-like figure o Armed slaves for revolt o Killed 60 whites o Whites retaliated killing about 40 slaves o 50 slaves tried and hanged (including Turner)

 Southerners blamed abolitionists

 Slavery is sin; owners condemned to hell  Leaders: William Lloyd Garrison and Theodore Dwight Weld  Prominent northern blacks (Frederick Douglass) also influential

 Garrison  Published The Liberator (1831) o Immediate emancipation o No compensation o Against colonization o Denounced anyone who disagreed o VERY radical

 Weld  The Bible Against Slavery  American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of 1000 Witnesses o Preached moral responsibility o Worked with others to spread message

 Garrison and Weld form Anti-Slavery Society (1833)  Aimed at general public and politicians  Women play significant role  General public o Spread message through media o Form local chapters of Anti- Slavery Society o By 1840’s: 200,000 members (including Emerson and Thoreau)  Politicians o Petition Congress to outlaw slavery in Washington D.C. o End 3/5 compromise o Prevent slavery in new states

 Nat Turner rebellion led South to tighten grip o Banned abolitionist literature o Defended slavery through religion and benevolence o Criticized northern industrialists for worse treatment of workers o Focused on turning Northerners against abolitionism Social elites needed to stick together Involvement of women was destroying family Free blacks would take Northern jobs Racial mixing and black equality would destroy society  Gag rule o –House of Representatives refused to accept petitions on abolitionism  Liberty Party o Formed by moderate abolitionists o Ran James Birney for President (3% of the vote)

 Historical Justification: o all great civilizations participated in slavery  Legal Justification: o U.S. Constitution protected slavery w/o word “slavery”  Racist Justification: o Negroes inferior to whites o Gave poor whites opportunity to improve life without competition from blacks  Sociological Justification: o Basic needs of slaves were met (better than northern industrial workers) o “Benevolent” masters  Biblical Justification: o “Slaves, accept the authority of your masters with all deference, not only those who are kind and gentle but also those who are harsh. For it is a credit to you if, being aware of God, you endure pain while suffering unjustly. If you endure when you are beaten for doing wrong, what credit is that? But if you endure when you do right and suffer for it, you have God's approval.” (1 st Peter 2:18-29)

 John C. Calhoun o All men created equal was “the most false & dangerous of all political errors” o Freedom is privilege reward to be earned and not for all  Minister John B. Alger o “divine arrangement of the world” Submission of inferior to superior Black to white Female to male Lower classes to upper classes