3 RD PIDF CONFERENCE “Building Climate Resilient Green Blue Pacific Economies” TRACK 3: THE ENERGY, TRANSPORT AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE NEXUS 1 Atul Raturi The University of the South Pacific

The Energy Trilemma for PICs Adapted from WEC S.D. SDG Goal 7: Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All Extreme dependence on imported fossil fuels 70% of population is without electricity Climate change impacts: PICs Most vulnerable SDG 7

Oil Usage (Fiji)Energy Demand by Sector (Fiji) Energy Supply and Demand (Vanuatu) Source :IRENA-Vanuatu RRA 2012 Fiji Department of Energy

Tackling the Energy Challenge Energy Efficiency (EE) Demand side Management Supply Side management Transport Renewable Energy (RE) Solar Wind Biomass Ocean Geothermal Sustainable Energy (EE+RE) for Sustainable Development! WEC

The Pacific Resolve RE-ENERGIZING THE PACIFIC Facilitate the economic transformation of our economies with renewable energy alternatives and significant improvements in energy efficiency through the effective implementation of national energy roadmaps and other initiatives such as Sustainable Energy 4 All (SE4All). (PIDF Outcome document-2013) PICs produce about 0.03% of global GHG emissions.

Co-benefits of CC mitigation Health Education Income generation Gender Globally, around 4 Million people die every year as a result of using household solid fuel. GHG reductions is not the sole driver for mitigation

Energy for Cooking A solar cooker in Ba, Fiji ( Courtesy: Soroptimist Int.) Fuel for cooking (Fiji)Cost of cooking GEA report

Black Carbon Radiative Forcing Direct black carbon radiative forcing from kerosene lighting: ~ 7- 9 % of kerosene in a lamp is converted into black carbon due to incomplete combustion. One kilogram of black carbon, has same warming impact in a month as (approx.) 700 kilograms of carbon dioxide does over 100 years. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, (24),

PNG –Kerosene for Lighting Million USD/annum spent on lighting Fuel and batteries Million Litres of kerosene used for lighting Rural kerosene prices are ~ 4 times the urban prices 55% of rural households are more than 5 km away from a national road - buying kerosene is time consuming Kerosene lamps can easily be replaced with solar lights saving money and raising living standards. Source: Lighting Papua New Guinea,IFC,2014

Mainstreaming RE into PIC Electricity RE is slowly being integrated into national grids in many PICs and this should be accelerated. Grid infrastructure needs to be strengthened. Grid extension is not feasible to all areas and hence Mini/Micro grids in villages/islands and Solar Home Systems in thinly populated areas are needed. RE based distributed mini-grids can also be integrated to utility grid. Smart Grids employing economical controllers, smart inverters and solar/wind production forecasting technologies will play a significant role in higher RE penetration. Technologies are available-policy and funding main issues. Smart grid functions (IRENA) Samoa 2.2 MW p GCPV

PV on the Grid (Viti Levu Example) 25 MW in total: 15% of total demand About 41,000 MWh per annum Saving ~ 13 million Litres of Diesel and an annual reduction of ~ 5,200 Tonnes of CO 2e Demand peaks during the day Spreading the systems reduces intermittency challenge 15-20% PV of total demand can be added without major interventions For higher penetration- Smart grids, storage solutions Solar Demand Graph: A.Raturi

Land Transport: Electric Mobility In Fiji, land transport consumes almost 25% of the imported fossil fuels and is a major contributor to GHG emissions – similar situation in other PICTs. Globally, Electric Vehicles (EVs) are being promoted as a cleaner alternative. Fiji government has introduced duty free import on Plug-in vehicles - a sound move. In order to make EVs fully carbon- neutral, it is imperative that the Grid is mostly RE powered. Supporting policies/regulations are required to allow higher penetration of new renewables (solar etc) into the grid. Solar PV charger at USP main campus

Energy Efficiency Energy usage and GDP Decoupling Energy Efficiency is the Game Changer: PICs can also do it. Demand Side Management (DSM) programmes Pacific Appliance Labelling and standards (PALS) Pacific Efficient Lighting Strategy (PELS) Source: SPC

Climate Change impacts on the Power Sector Impact of Sea level rise on the energy infrastructure and location of power plants, Grid infrastructure Extreme weather events Changes in precipitation patterns and surface water discharges Increase in temperature affecting efficiency of power plants Increase in temperature resulting in higher electricity demand Increase in temperature affects Biomass production Source: ADB, Climate risk and adaptation in the electric power sector. : Asian Development Bank, 2012.

Key Messages ~90% of the PICs rely on fossil fuels as the main source of energy. This reliance presents a huge potential for RE to replace the petroleum fuels and in turn supports a huge mitigation programme in the region. Mitigation is a win-win strategy for the PICs. Energy efficiency is crucial :from transport and industrial sectors to lighting/other appliances and diesel generators. Co-benefits of Climate Change mitigation on health, education, gender, income generation will drive the mitigation efforts in the PICs. The availability of finance is one of the key success criteria for transitioning to RE in PICs.

16 Substantial funding support required for Resource assessments, R&D and capacity building at all levels/aspects of RE/EE. Technology transfer should be an integral part of any development assistance. Appropriate policy and regulatory regime to support RE/EE development and active involvement by the private sector. Land transport sector should actively explore the electric mobility and other viable options. Financial support to the the SIDS Dock/UNIDO centres of excellence on RE and EE in PICs to help build human capacity. Climate and disaster resilience of Energy sector is imperative. Key Messages (Contd.)

Thank you for your Attention 17