Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 1 COMMUNICATING IN THE WORKPLACE Sixth Canadian Edition CHAPTER 5 EXPANDING LANGUAGE SKILLS

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 2 Section 5.1 Adjectives Types of Adjectives ARTICLES - a, an, the- a classroom; the classroom DESCRIPTIVE - adjectives that tell “what kind of” (colourful sunset; large, black dog) POSSESSIVE – e.g. my, your, her, its – possessive adjectives that modify nouns (my books; your apartment)

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 3 Section 5.1 Adjectives Types of Adjectives (cont.) LIMITING – adjectives that tell “how many,” “how much,” “in what order”(seven assignments; each student; first assignment) PROPER – proper nouns, or words derived from proper nouns, used as proper adjectives(a Vancouver suburb; Canadian citizens) COMPOUND – two or more words joined to modify one noun or pronoun(two-year lease; tax-exempt items) DEMONSTRATIVE – this, that, these, those (this classroom; that computer; these books; those teachers)

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 4 Section 5.1 Adjectives COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Positive DegreeComparative DegreeSuperlative Degree The quality of one person or thing Compares a quality in two persons or things Compares a quality in three or more persons or things A good report A satisfactory result A better report A more satisfactory result The best report The most satisfactory result

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 5 Section 5.2 Adverbs Adverb – a word that modifies an adjective, a verb, or another adverb Adverbs answer questions such as Why? How? When? Where? How much? To what extent? Please send this package immediately. Examples of adverbs: quickly; very; quite; always; soon; happily; more; badly; confidently; quietly; usually; here; much

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 6 Section 5.2 Adverbs COMPARISON OF ADVERBS Positive Comparative Superlative latelater latest quicklymore quickly most quickly wellbetter best badlyworse worst muchmore most

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 7 Section 5.2 Adverbs PRINCIPLES OF ADVERB USE Place an adverb as close as possible to the word that it modifies. (Only Jean has finished the report.) (Jean has finished the report only.) Adverbs that have negative meanings (e.g. never, hardly, but) should not be used with other negatives. (Jean has never arrived on time. – Not hasn’t never – double negative!)

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 8 Section 5.2 Adverbs PRINCIPLES OF ADVERB USE Use never only when a long time is intended. (Jean has never arrived on time. (Compare – Jean has not arrived on time.) Very much (not “in the worst way” or “badly”) (Jean wants an A in this class very much.)

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 9 Section 5.2 Adverbs ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB CONFUSIONS AdjectiveAdverb badbadly realreally suresurely goodwell somesomewhat mostalmost

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 10 A preposition is a connecting word. (e.g. after) Preposition + noun or pronoun = prepositional phrase(after the test) The preposition connects the noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentence. (We went to the cafeteria after the test.) (After the test, we went to the cafeteria.) Section 5.3 Prepositions

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 11 Section 5.3 Prepositions IDIOMATIC USAGE Agree With(a person or idea) (I agree with John.) (I agree to the change in our schedule.) Angry With (a person) (We are angry with Jack because he is late.) (We are angry at the change in schedule.) Part From- to take leave of ; (When I part from Judy, …) Part With- to give up (When I part with my car …)

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 12 Section 5.3 Prepositions IDIOMATIC USAGE Discrepancy In (singular object); Discrepancy Between (two); Discrepancy Among (three or more) (Is there any discrepancy in this statement?) (Is there any discrepancy between the two statements?) (Is there any discrepancy among the four statements?) In Regard To, With Regards To, As Regards - all correct. Note that “regards” can not be used with “In” – in regard to, NOT in regards to. Memorize the following: Different From; Identical With; Plan To; Retroactive To

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 13 Section 5.4 Conjunctions TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating Conjunctions –for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so –connect like elements of grammar: two or more words, two or more phrases, two or more clauses Correlative Conjunctions –pairs of conjunctions used together to connect like elements (e.g. either …or; neither … nor) Subordinating Conjunctions –Join clauses of unequal rank –Introduce a subordinate or dependent clause and connect it to a main or independent clause (If you wish to volunteer, please add your name to this list.)

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 14 Section 5.4 Conjunctions COMMONLY USED SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS afterbeforeprovided thatwhen althougheven ifsincewhenever asforso thatwhere as ifhowthanwherever as soon asifthatwhether as thoughin case thatunlesswhile becausein order thatuntilwhy

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 15 Section 5.4 Conjunctions Parallel Structure provides balance to your writing. Make sure that the elements before and after a coordinating conjunction match. –Bob likes playing tennis, biking, and hiking. (The conjunction and joins two parallel elements – the nouns biking … hiking.) –She helped me down the stairs willingly and carefully. (The conjunction and joins two adverbs.)

Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 5 16 Section 5.4 Conjunctions Parallel Structure (cont.) Pairs of correlative conjunctions introduce clauses that must be parallel. –The orientation activities will be held not only in the lecture hall but also outside the gymnasium. (Here, a prepositional phrase is used after each of the correlatives.)