What is anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy Describes the structures of the body: what they are made of (histology) where they are located associated structures Think Form and Function

Physiology Is the study of: functions of anatomical structures individual and cooperative functions The how and why

How are living things organized?

From Simple to Complex (1 of 3) Atoms: are the smallest chemical units – periodic table Molecules: are a group of atoms working together- h20 Organelles: are a group of molecules working together-components of a cell

From Simple to Complex (2 of 3) Cells: are a group of organelles working together Tissues: are a group of similar cells working together Organs: are a group of different tissues working together

From Simple to Complex (3 of 2) Organ systems: are a group of organs working together Organism: is an individual

Levels of Organization

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KEY CONCEPT Homeostasis: All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)

KEY CONCEPT Failure to function within a normal range results in disease Dis-ease

Mechanisms of Regulation Autoregulation (intrinsic): automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ Extrinsic regulation: responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Maintaining Normal Limits Figure 1–3

Maintaining Normal Limits Receptor: receives the stimulus Control center: processes the signal and sends instructions Effector: carries out instructions

Figure 1–4 Negative Feedback The response of the effector negates the stimulus

Positive Feedback The response of the effector reinforces the stimulus Figure 1–5

What are the anatomical terms used to describe body sections, regions, and relative positions?

Anatomical Landmarks Figure 1–6

Anatomical Landmarks Superficial characteristics: surface parts: names adjectives

KEY CONCEPT Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward Supine: lying down, face up Prone: lying down, face down

Figure 1–7a Quadrants and Regions (1 of 3) 4 abdominopelvic quadrants around umbilicus

Figure 1–7b Quadrants and Regions (2 of 3) 9 abdominopelvic regions

Figure 1–7c Quadrants and Regions (3 of 3) Internal organs associated with abdominopelvic regions

Which Direction? Figure 1–8

3 Dimensions Figure 1–9

The Ventral Body Cavity Coelom: divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity Figure 1–10a

Figure 1–10b Isolating the Organs Serous membranes: consist of parietal layer and visceral layer

Figure 1–10c Dividing the Cavities Thoracic cavity: divided by the mediastinum into 2 pleural cavities

SUMMARY Structure and function in anatomy and physiology Vocabulary and anatomical terms Levels of physical organization Homeostasis and feedback Systems integration and equilibrium Dividing and describing the body Locations and functions of major organ systems