Welcome to A&P!! Chapter 1

The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable

Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4

Check Point Define Anatomy and Physiology Explain how they are related 3 minutes!!!

Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

Characteristics of Life Movement – external/internal Responsiveness – stimulus/response Growth – size Reproduction – making a new individual Respiration – energy (obtaining oxygen) Digestion – chemical substances into simpler forms Absorption – movement through membranes Circulation – movement within body fluids Assimilation – absorbed substances changed into different forms Excretion – removal of wastes

Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a

Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores mineral Figure 1.2b

Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f

Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

Organ System Overview Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

Check Point Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain how they are related. Name the major functions of each organ system of the body, briefly state the major functions of each system Classify by organ system all organs discussed.

Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Necessary Life Functions Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

Survival Needs Water Stable body temperature 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Overview of Homeostasis Figure 1.4

Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center

Maintaining Homeostasis Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

Check Point List the functions that humans must perform to maintain life. List the survival needs of the human body. Define Homeostasis and explain importance. What is negative feedback?

Anatomical Terminology Anatomical position = standing erect face forward upper limbs at side palms forward

The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

Organization of the Human Body 2 portions 1. axial portion = head, neck, trunk 2. appendicular portion = arms & legs

Fast Fact Break The word "axial" means (literally) "of, relating to, or having the characteristics of an axis" A human could survive if their appendicular skeleton was cut off (the arms, legs, hips, etc) The rib cage and sternum form the thorax We have twenty-four ribs, four of which that are "floating" (or just not attached) When a human is born, the top of its skull is not solid, so it can grow When a spine is twisted sideways, the result is complete paralysis

Relative positions Superior: inferior anterior posterior medial lateral proximal distal superficial deep

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)

Body Landmarks Anterior Figure 1.5a

Body Landmarks Posterior Figure 1.5b

Body Planes Figure 1.6

Body Cavities Figure 1.7

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.8a

Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b

Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c

Know these Body Regions Nasal Cephalic Orbital Carpal Digital Gluteal Pectoral Lumbar Acromial Frontal Crural Umbilical Femoral Sternal Vetebral Brachial Mammory Cervical Plantar Coxal Sacral Axillary Cubital

Check Point: What is the anatomical position? What are the anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes? What are the major body cavaties, list the chief organs in each cavity?