Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Introduction  _______ and __________ affect your life everyday  ________ is the oldest medical science  1600 B.C.  _________ is the study of function  Biochemistry  Biology  Chemistry  Genetics

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Structure and Function  _________  Describes the __________ of the body  What they are made of  Where they are located  ___________ structures  ___________  Is the study of  Functions of anatomical structures  Individual and cooperative functions

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy and Physiology Integrated  Anatomy  _____ anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures  _______ anatomy: exterior features  _______ anatomy: body areas  _______ anatomy: groups of organs working together  __________ anatomy: from conception to death  _______ anatomy: medical specialties

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy and Physiology Integrated  Anatomy  Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules  ____logy: study of cells and their structures cyt- = cell  _____logy: study of tissues and their structures

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomy and Physiology Integrated  Physiology  ____ physiology: processes within and between cells  ______ physiology: functions of specific organs  _________ physiology: functions of an organ system  __________ physiology: effects of diseases

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization  The ___________ (or Molecular) Level  Atoms are the smallest chemical units  Molecules are a group of atoms working together  The ________ Level  Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together  The _______ Level  Tissues are a group of similar cells working together  The _____ Level  An organ is a group of different tissues working together

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization  The ______ System Level  Organ systems are a group of organs working together  Humans have 11 organ systems  The Organism Level  A human is an organism Levels of Organization Organ Systems

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization FIGURE 1–1 Levels of Organization.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Levels of Organization

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  ____________: all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment  Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis  Mechanisms of Regulation  _____________ (___________)  _________ response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change  _____________ regulation  Responses controlled by ______ and __________ systems

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis  __________  Receives the stimulus  _________ _____________  Processes the signal and sends instructions  _________  Carries out instructions

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings FIGURE 1–3 The Control of Room Temperature. Homeostasis

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Negative and Positive Feedback  The Role of _______ Feedback  The response of the ______ negates the __________  Body is brought back into homeostasis  Normal range is achieved  In other words???

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Negative and Positive Feedback FIGURE 1–4 Negative Feedback in the Control of Body Temperature.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Negative and Positive Feedback  The Role of ________ Feedback  The response of the ________ increases change of the ________  Body is moved away from homeostasis  Normal range is lost  Used to speed up processes  Examples???

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Negative and Positive Feedback FIGURE 1–5 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Systems Integration  Systems integration  Systems work together to maintain homeostasis  Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium  Opposing forces are in balance  Physiological systems work to restore balance  Failure results in disease or death

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Systems Integration

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology  Superficial Anatomy  __________________: hands at sides, palms forward  ______: lying down, face up  _____: lying down, face down

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology  Superficial Anatomy  ___________ Landmarks  References to palpable structures  Anatomical _________  Body regions  Abdominopelvic quadrants  Abdominopelvic regions  Anatomical ___________  Reference terms based on subject

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–6 Anatomical Landmarks. Anterior

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–6 Anatomical Landmarks. Anterior

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–6 Anatomical Landmarks. Posterior

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–6 Anatomical Landmarks. Posterior

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Quadrants.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Regions.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Relationships.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–8 Directional References. A Lateral View.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–8 Directional References. An Anterior View.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology  __________ Anatomy  Planes and sections  Plane: a three-dimensional axis  ________: a slice parallel to a plane  Used to visualize internal organization and structure  Important in radiological techniques –MRI –PET –CT

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–9 Sectional Planes.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Terminology

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities  Body cavities have two essential functions  Protect organs from accidental shocks  Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs  Ventral body cavity (__________)  Divided by the diaphragm:  __________ cavity  _________________ cavity

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities FIGURE 1–10 Relationships Among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities  Serous membranes  Line body cavities and cover organs  Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer  Parietal layer — lines cavity  Visceral layer — covers organ

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities  The _________ Cavity  Separated into regions  Right and left __________ cavities –contain right and left lungs  ______________ –upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus –lower portion contains __________ cavity »the _____ is located within the _________ cavity

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities  The ______________ Cavity  ________ cavity — chamber within abdominopelvic cavity  Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall  Visceral peritoneum covers the organs

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities  The Abdominopelvic Cavity  Abdominal cavity — superior portion  Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones  Contains digestive organs  ________________ space –Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall –Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities  The Abdominopelvic Cavity  _______ cavity — inferior portion  Within pelvic bones  Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder