Chapter 2 Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs: Learning Objectives  After reading this chapter, the student will be able to:  Discuss how the various tissues of the body build on one another.  Describe the components of specific organ systems, such as the integumentary system, digestive system, respiratory system, vascular system, lymphatic system, endocrine system, urinary system, reproductive system, and special senses.  List the general function of each of these organ systems. Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2

Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs  Epithelial tissue  Neural tissue  Connective tissue  Muscle tissue Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3

Epithelial Tissue  Simple epithelium  Squamous Endothelial: Spindle Mesothelial: Oval to polygonal  Cuboidal: Cube  Columnar: Rodlike  Pseudostratified: Rodlike, with thin section  Stratified epithelium  Squamous: Polyhedral  Columnar: Columnar on cuboidal or columnar on columnar  Transitional: Cube to pear Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4

Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5

Epithelial Tissue Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6

Neural Tissue  Arises from neuroepithelial cells  Neurons: Nerve cells that receive and conduct impulses and regulate muscle and gland activity  Neuroglial cells: Supporting cells of the nervous system  Parts of neuron: Cell body, perikaryon, cytoplasm Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7

Neural Tissue Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8

Neural Tissue Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9

Neural Tissue Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10

Connective Tissue  Loose connective tissue  Dense, regular connective tissue Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11

Cartilage  Three types:  Hyaline  Elastic  Fibrous Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12

Hyaline Cartilage Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13

Elastic Cartilage Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14

Fibrous Cartilage Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15

Bone  Compact (dense)  Cancellous (spongy) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16

Blood  Conducts oxygen to the cells  Returns carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs  Clots to prevent blood loss  Regulates pH through a buffer system  Regulates body temperature  Provides protection from bacteria through its phagocytic and antigenic properties Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17

Blood  Erythrocytes (red blood cells)  Leukocytes (white blood cells)  Granular Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils  Nongranular Lymphocytes Monocytes  Platelets Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18

Blood Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19

Lymphocytes  Become functional in the bone marrow  Are responsible for the humorally activated immune system  Circulate in the lymphatic vessels and in the bloodstream  Function wherever they are called on by antigen actions Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20

Muscle Tissue  The basis of motion in a muscle cell is the change from chemical to mechanical energy by enzymatic cleavage of ATP.  Results from the action of two proteins:  Actin  Myosin  Three types of muscles:  Skeletal or voluntary  Smooth or involuntary  Cardiac Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21

Skeletal (Voluntary) Muscle Fibers Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22

Smooth (Involuntary) Muscle Fibers Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23

Cardiac Muscle Fibers Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24

Organs and Organ Systems Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25

Integumentary (Skin) System  Functions:  Excretion of waste products such as carbon dioxide, water, salts, and urea  Eliminating heat  Protection against invasion of foreign materials  Acts on nerves receiving stimuli (e.g., monitoring temperature, pressure) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26

Integumentary or Skin System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27

Integumentary or Skin System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28

Neural System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29

Skeletal System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30

Digestive System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31

Digestive System: Liver Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 32

Digestive System: Pancreas Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 33

Respiratory System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34

Vascular System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35

Vascular System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 36

Lymphatic System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37

Muscular System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 38

Endocrine System  Thyroid  Parathyroid  Pituitary glands  Ovaries  Testes  Pancreas  Adrenal medulla Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 39

Endocrine System  Functions of hormones:  Regulate metabolism and energy balance  Aid in regulation of involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle fibers  Vary body activities  Regulate centers of the immune system  Play a role in growth and development  Contribute to the reproduction process  Regulate volume and composition of the extracellular environment  Some organs also have additional or other functions. Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 40

Urinary System Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 41

Reproductive System  Male  Testes: Secrete testosterone  Prostate  Seminal vesicles  Female  Produces estrogen and progesterone  Ovaries  Uterus  Vagina Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 42

Special Senses  Vision  Retina of the eye  Hearing  External ear, middle ear, internal ear  Equilibrium  Controlled by vestibular organs in internal ear  Smell  Olfactory epithelium  pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium  Taste  Circumvallate, fungiform and foliate papillae Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 43

Discussion and Considerations  Why does the dental professional need to understand cell structure and tissue and organ functions? Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 44