Here we go again… Mr. Bell: Most students:  Some students: (my favorites)

Anatomy Joke: What should you do if you’re attacked by a pack of clowns? Go for the juggler!

An Overview Anatomy:Structure Physiology: Function Does one determine the other?

Levels of Structural Organization Tissues Organ Systems Cells Organs Atoms

Levels of Structural Organization Atoms Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

Organ Systems Overview Integumentary System: The external covering of the body – aka your skin! Protection Excretion Regulation of body temperature First point of contact with the environment

Skeletal System Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints Functions: – Support – Movement – Protection – Hematopoiesis – Mineral Storage

Muscular System 3 types of muscle – Skeletal – Smooth – Cardiac Function: – Movement!

Nervous System Brain, Spinal Cord, nerves, sensory receptors Function: – Respond to stimuli Internal vs. external – Control center of the body

Endocrine System Glands: thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes Function: regulate body activity using hormones – Slower than CNS – Ex: Growth, Reproduction, Food usage (cellular level)

Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels Function: Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells (red blood cells) Protect the body from invasion (white blood cells)

Lymphatic System Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid glands (spleen, tonsils) Function: cleanse blood and house cells involved in immunity

Respiratory System Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Function: supply oxygen to the rest of the body Remove carbon dioxide from the blood

Digestive System Oral Cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum Function: break down food – Remove nutrients and deliver to blood – Remove waste

Urinary System Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Function: remove wastes containing nitrogen from the body (ex: urea) Maintenance of water/salt balance Maintenance of pH

Reproductive System Testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes Function: production of offspring – Female: growth and development of offspring (pregnancy)

Life Functions Maintenance of boundaries Movement Responsiveness (irritability) Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

Survival Needs Nutrients…are a pretty big deal Oxygen…even bigger deal Water…kind of in the middle… Body Temperature Atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing – Constantly changing (ironic) Within a narrow range The body is maintaining a dynamic equilibrium

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Carried out by Nervous and Endocrine Systems Key Terms: – Variable – Receptor – Stimuli – Input – Afferent Pathway – Control Center

Cont’d… Efferent Pathway Effector Variable

Homeostasis

Cont’d Negative Feedback Mechanisms: – The net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity Positive Feedback Mechanisms: – Increase the original disturbance and push the variable farther from its original value – Control infrequent events that occur explosively – Do not require continuous adjustment

Homeostatic Imbalance Disturbances in the homeostatic mechanism Typically result in Disease

Anatomical Position Standard position of the body (assumption) – Used to accurately describe body parts and position – Body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms forward