13 February 2015, University of Sheffield Higher education research: global, national local? Simon Marginson UCL Institute of Education

Global, national and local agency: the three dimensions of higher education Higher education is formed and regulated in national (and also in Europe pan-national regional) systems Local individual and institutional agency is salient Global flows, systems and patterns, e.g. in research science, policy borrowing, are increasingly obvious global national local

GTER World and North America/Western Europe,

Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio 1995/2011 Selected OECD and European systems, UNESCO Institute for Statistics data 2014

Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio 1995/2011 World regions, UNESCO Institute for Statistics data 2014

The global dimension: 1. Global systems (e.g. research knowledge, student mobility) not controlled by any one nation and shaping all national HE systems to some extent 2. Cross-border relations between national systems that also bring inner changes (e.g. policy borrowing)

Components of a national innovation system Global research knowledge system New research ideas in national science Applied research and product development in national economy

51 countries with 1000 science papers a year US National Science Foundation data for 2011 ANGLO- SPHERE EUROPE EU NATIONS EUROPE NON-EU ASIALATIN AMERICA AustraliaAustriaItalyCroatia*ChinaArgentina CanadaBelgiumNetherlandsNorwayIndiaBrazil N. ZealandCzech Rep.PolandRussiaJapanChile* UKDenmarkPortugal*Serbia*Malaysia*Mexico USAFinlandRomania*SwitzerlandPakistan*M.EAST /AF FranceSlovakiaTurkeySingaporeIran GermanySlovenia*UkraineSouth KoreaIsrael GreeceSwedenTaiwanSaudi Arab.* HungarySpainThailand*Sth. Africa IrelandSwedenEgypt Tunisia* * Reached 1000 papers since 1997 (11 out of 51 nations)

Journal papers published per year, , USA, China & UK

4.5 million foreign tertiary students, 2012: share of on-shore world market by nation (OECD data)

Students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, millions, OECD data, 2014

Percentage year olds with degrees, 2012 OECD data Data for Tertiary type B not available for all countries

Barriers to mobility: Advantage held by year olds with tertiary-educated parents, 2012 For example in Poland, a year old person with at least one tertiary-educated parent is 9.5 times as likely to participate in tertiary education, as a person whose parents had less than upper secondary education. Data: OECD

Top ten school systems OECD PISA 2012 (mean student scores, East Asian education systems in red) ReadingMathematicsScience Shanghai China 570Shanghai China 613Shanghai China 580 Hong Kong SAR 545Singapore 573Hong Kong SAR 555 Singapore 542Hong Kong SAR 561Singapore 551 Japan 538Taiwan 560Japan 547 South Korea 536South Korea 554Finland 545 Finland 524Macao SAR 538Estonia 541 Taiwan 523Japan 536South Korea 538 Canada 523Liechtenstein 535Vietnam 528 Ireland 523Switzerland 531Poland 526 Poland 518Netherlands 523Liechtenstein 525 Vietnam 508Vietnam 511 Canada 525 UK 499UK 494UK 514 USA 498USA 481USA 497

PISA performance at top and bottom

Chichen Itza One kind of civilisation: The Maya

Observatory, Chichen Itza

Uxmal

Palenque

Another kind of civilisation

things change

The higher education world: Global, national, local local global national