Biochemistry Biology – Chapter 6 EOC Goal 2:01

Basic Chemistry

Atoms are the basic unit of matter. – Made of: Protons Neutrons Electrons

Basic Chemistry Elements are pure substances that are made of one type of atom. Chemical symbols are used to represent each atom. – Found on the Periodic Table

Basic Chemistry Compounds are combinations of 2 or more atoms. – Combination has different properties than the individual atoms – Chemical formula shows the number and type of atoms in a compound

Basic Chemistry Compounds are held together with chemical bonds. Types of Bonds: – Ionic Bonds Exchange electrons Called ions – Covalent Bonds Share electrons Called molecules

pH Scale Acids, Bases, and pH – Acids  make hydrogen ion in water; are bitter to the taste Examples: lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid – Bases  make hydroxide ion in water; are slippery to the touch Examples: soaps, Clorox, Pepto Bismol – pH Scale  scale that measures acid and base – Range 0 Acid 7 Base 14 A buffer is used to maintain a certain pH level.

Understanding pH

Biochemistry

BiochemistryBiochemistry Study of the chemicals necessary for living things. Also called organic chemistry. – Involves the element carbon (C) in a covalent bond

BiochemistryBiochemistry Six elements needed in large quantities for living things are: – Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur Elements needed in small quantities are called trace elements.

BiochemistryBiochemistry Terms to Know: – Monomer – the smallest unit of a substance Example: like one Lego block – Polymer – many monomers linked together to make a large structure; also called macromolecules Example: Lego blocks put together to make a Lego house

Bio-MoleculesBio-Molecules Types of Organic Molecules (Bio-molecules) 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Also called sugars and starches Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Typically end in –ose (Example: glucose) Function: to store and release quick energy (but if not used, these are stored as fat) Test Used To Identify Starch>Iodine Test Used To Identify Sugar>Benedict’s Solution

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates One unit of sugar (monomer )  monosaccharide – Example: glucose, fructose Two units of sugar  Disaccharide – Example: sucrose, lactose Many units of sugars (polymer)  Polysaccharide

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Examples of Polysaccharides – Starch  sugars in plants – Glycogen  energy storage in animal muscle (makes muscle meat dark) – Cellulose  found in plant cell walls; animals can not digest (roughage) – Chitin  in insect exoskeletons

Lipids

LipidsLipids Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a non-specific ratio (Example: C 21 H 17 O 43 ) Function: – Quick energy (twice as much as carbs) – Insulation, body padding Test Used to Identify: Brown Paper Bag

LipidsLipids Monomer  glycerol and 3 fatty acids

LipidsLipids Types of Lipids (Fats) – Saturated – bonds in molecule are unbendable; tend to clog arteries; typically from animals (fats, butter, lard) – Unsaturated – some bonds in molecule bend; better, but can still clog arteries; typically from plants (oils) – Polyunsaturated – many bonds in molecule bend; best type of fat to eat; typically from plants (oils)

Proteins

ProteinsProteins Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Monomer  amino acids Polymer  polypeptide Account for 50% of the dry weight of cells Test Used To Identify: Biuret’s

ProteinsProteins Functions of Proteins – Structure (cells,tissues…) – Fibers in bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage – Homeostasis regulation (hormones and enzymes) – Metabolism – Defense against disease (antibodies)

Enzymes (Catalysts) Enzymes are special proteins that act as catalysts in the body. Catalysts: Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being affected by the reaction themselves.

Nucleic Acids

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur Function  control genetic information Monomer  nucleotide Polymers – DNA  deoxyribonucleic acid – RNA  ribonucleic acid

Bio-moleculeSubunit (Monomer) ExamplesFunction Carbohydrate Starch: Sugar: Proteins test: Lipids test: Nucleic Acids

Bio-moleculeSubunit (Monomer) ExamplesFunction Carbohydrate Starch: iodine Sugar: Benedict’s solution Monosaccharide Starch, cellulose, insulin, glycogen, glucose Store and release energy Proteins (test:Biuret’s solution) Amino acidEnzymes, hemoglobin Structure, Metabolism Lipids (test:brown paper bag) Fatty acids And glycerol Fats, oil Long term energy storage, insulation Nucleic AcidsNucleotideDNA, RNA Store genetic information, make protein