Chemistry, Water and pH

Atom Structure Matter Mass Space Made up of atoms Protons Neutrons Electrons

Definitions Element – a substance that cannot be reduced to a simpler substance Molecule – two are more atoms together Compound – two are more elements together

Periodic Table

Atom Structure Atomic number Mass number Atomic weight

Isotopes Same element with different numbers of Neutrons

Isotopes Radiometric Dating Tracers

Chernobyl April extensive parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Northern Europe, and eastern North AmericaSoviet Union Eastern EuropeWestern EuropeNorthern Europe North America Nearly thirty to forty times more fallout was released than had been by the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiatomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Direct Deaths: 56

Three Mile Island March partial core meltdown in Unit 2 of the nuclear power plantmeltdown release of a significant amount of radioactivity, an estimated 43,000 curies of radioactive krypton (1.59 PBq), but under 20 curies (740 GBq) of the particularly hazardous iodine-131, to the environment.curies PBqcuriesGBqiodine-131 no deaths or injuries

Hershey

Fukushima Daiichi March No immediate deaths due to radiation A few of the plant's workers were severely injured or killed by the disaster conditions at least six workers have exceeded lifetime legal limits for radiation and more than 300 have received significant radiation doses. Predicted future cancer deaths due to accumulated radiation exposures in the population living near Fukushima have ranged from none to 100.

Microwaves

Energy Levels

Electron Shells

“Happy Atoms”

Bonding Covalent Bonding Nonpolar Polar Ionic Bonding Hydrogen Bonding Van der Waals Interactions Hydrophobic Interactions

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Polar Covalent Bonds

What is an Ion? Cation A positive charged ion Anion A negatively charged ion

Ionic Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Van der Waals The weak bonds that exist between molecules but are masked by other stronger bonds. They are evident only in symmetrical molecules or at very low temperatures.

Hydrophobic Interactions Hydrophobic Hydrophilic

Water

Water Structure Polar Covalent Bonds Hydrogen Bonds

Water Properties Adhesion Cohesion Surface Tension

Water Properties Surface Tension – Basilisk (Jesus) Lizard

Water Properties High Specific Heat

Water Properties High Specific Heat

Water Properties High Heat of Vaporization

Water Properties Expands when freezing

Water Properties Universal Solvent

Solutions Solute + Solvent = Solution

pH Scale Acid – donates H+ Base – accepts H+

Richter Scale

Acid Precipitation

Buffers