Atoms & the Periodic Table The alphabet of the universe!

Elements Element- Any material made up of only one kind of atom. Ex. nickel, gold, zinc, iron Brass? Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc Does an element have to be solid? An element can be a gas- nitrogen (N) or hydrogen (H) Or a liquid like mercury (Hg), bromine (Br) Atomic structure of a Diamond- carbon

Group- Vertical Column Period- Horizontal Row

Orbitals in the Periodic Table

Metals/Nonmetals/Metalloid Properties Metals-Shiny; opaque; good conductors of heat and electricity; Malleable- can be hammered and shaped; Ductile-made into wire; generally solid Nonmetals- Transparent, poor conductors of heat and electricity; not malleable or ductile; very brittle and shatter; solid, liquid or gas (Halogen gases) Metalloids- Border metals and nonmetals; Weak conductors of electricity; Properties between the metals and nonmetals

Periodic Table of Elements

Inner shell compared to Valence Shell

Noble Gas Configuration Group elements are called “Main Group Elements” or “Representative Elements” Valence electrons-end with s & p orbitals Valence electrons control chemical behavior He 1s 2 Ne 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 or Ne [He] 2s 2 2p 6 Ar [Ne] 3s 2 3p 6 Kr [Ar] 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 Xe [Kr] 4d 10 5s 2 5p 6 Rn [Xe] 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p [Rn] 5f 14 6d 10 7s 2 7p 6 Can you find the valence electrons?

Ions- Group/Families Metals always lose electrons to form positive ions or cations.

Electron Configuration of Ions Ion Configuration H + He Li +1 [He] Be +2 [He] B +3 [He] C N O -2 [He]2s 2 2p 6 F -1 [He]2s 2 2p 6 Ne Na +1 [Ne] Mg +2 [Ne] Al +3 [Ne] Si P S -2 [Ne]3s 2 3p 6 Cl -1 [Ne]3s 2 3p 6 Ar

Periodic Trends- Size of Radius

Characteristics of Periodic Trends Atomic Radius- One half of the distance between the two nuclei of two atoms Ionization Energy- Energy required to remove an electron from an atom Ionic Size- Size of the ion Electronegativity- Ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound

Periodic Table- Ionization Energy

Periodic Trends- Combined

Properties of Alkali Metals Obj: To investigate & identify properties of the alkali metals Background: Read & summarize Alkali Metals __ Li (s) + __ H 2 0 (l) -> __ LiOH (aq) + __ H 2 (g) Law of Conservation of Mass- Balance equation: ReactantProduct 2 1 Li H O 1 2 LiLi +1 3 protons3 protons 3 electrons2 electrons pH = -log [H + ] [ ] means concentration of H + H 2 O(l) -> H + + OH - H + + OH - -> H 2 O(l) If acidpH < 7 If basepH > 7 If neutralpH = 7 Concentration: moles H + Molarity or Molar liter of solution pH=7 [10 -7 ]= [H + ]= [OH - ][10 -7 ][10 -7 ] = pH=5 [H + ]= [0H - ]= M