Chapter 2: Chemical Components of Life Living cells are not composed of atoms found only in them. But their compositions do differ from the non-living.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
1 M.1. Cell Chemistry M.1.1. Atoms and Bonds M.1.2. Building Blocks of Cells M Sugars M Fatty Acids M Amino Acids M Nucleotides.
Advertisements

Chemistry of microbiology Chapter 2
1 Molecular basis of life (1). 2 Chemical basis of molecular interactions Polar and nonpolar molecules Water Universal solvent O-H bonds are polarized.
Biochemistry Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Chemical Reactions
CHAPTER 2 CHEMISTRY & LIFE Organisms are composed of matter.Organisms are composed of matter. Matter takes up space and has mass. Matter takes up space.
Building Blocks of Life An Introduction. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and.
Basic Biochemistry The Chemical Context of Life. Hierarchy of Biological Order.
The chemistry of cells: an overview Restricted to a subset of known elements, dominated by the chemistry of carbon… Reactions occur over a narrow range.
Chapter 3 Macromolecules.
Chapter 6 Notes The Chemistry of Life
The Chemistry of Microbiology Chapter 02 Revised
Exploring Macromolecules
Atoms, Molecules, and Chemistry
The Chemistry of Carbon
CHEMICAL BONDS, INTERMOLECULAR FORCES, PROPERTIES OF WATER, BUFFER SOLUTIONS BASIC CELL BIOLOGY I CHEMISTRY of LIFE.
2-3 Carbon Compounds.
2-3 Carbon Compounds. Carbon Compounds Organic chemistry – the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
Chapter 2 – Chemical Composition of the Body “Because living things, including humans, are composed only of chemicals, it is absolutely essential for a.
Life and Chemistry: Large Molecules. Macromolecules monomers are linked together to form polymers monomers are linked together to form polymers dehydration.
+ Macromolecules Short Chemistry Review and Macromolecules.
Chapter 3 Biochemistry.
Foundations in Microbiology Sixth Edition
CHAPTER 2A THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atoms, Molecules, Compounds and Bonding.
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life.
Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis. Overview Major Atoms Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds Water, non-covalent force in water Four major families of small molecules.
CHAPTER 2 BASIC CHEMISTRY
AP Biology The Chemistry of Life AP Biology Why are we studying chemistry? Chemistry is the foundation of Biology.
Chemistry & Carbon The Cellular Basis of Life. Atomic Structure  Elements: smallest unit a substance can be broken down into and still have the same.
1. Which of the following statements about protons is FALSE? 
Basic Cell Chemistry. Chapter Goals After studying this chapter, students should be able to describe the structure of an atom and define the terms atomic.
Macromolecules and Water Living Organisms Elements – Atomic Structure Nucleus – Chemical Activity – Chemical Bonds Ionic – Covalent – Hydrogen – Van der.
The Basic Structure and Function of Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Bonds: Covalent, Ionic, and Hydrogen.
Chemistry, Water and Enzymes. Daily Question Thursday, September Calculate the number of atoms in Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 2 2.Describe how you figure out.
The CHEMISTRY of Life CHEMISTRY is the foundation of BIOLOGY.
Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology.
Biochemistry Concept 1: Analyzing and the chemistry of life (Ch 2, 3, 4, 5) Let’s go back a few steps…
Biochemistry An Introduction to the Chemistry of Life for Biology Students.
Biochemistry Chapters 4 & 5. A. The Importance of Carbon 1. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 2. Carbon atoms are the most versatile.
Chapter 2: Atoms and Molecules of Ancient Earth Life requires about 25 elements carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)
Chapter 6 The Chemistry of Life. Atoms and their interactions.
Chapter 1 – Chemistry of Life How is Chemistry related to Biology?  Four elements – carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) make up 96%
Basic Chemistry and Biochemistry Review Game. Q What are the charges on : Protons Neutrons Electrons.
Click on a lesson name to select. Chemistry in Biology Section 1: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 2: Chemical Reactions Section 3: Water and.
Chemistry of Life Chapter 2 AtomsProteinsCarbsLipidsMisc
AP Biology The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2 AP Biology Pre Assessment 1. Name the 3 parts of an atom and their locations in an atom 2. What subatomic.
CHAPTERS 2 & 3 BIOCHEMISTRY. CHEMISTRY! EXAMPLES OF ELEMENTS C = ___________________ O = ___________________ H = ___________________ N = ___________________.
What is Chemistry? Study of composition, structure, and properties of matter Chemicals are the substances that make up everything on Earth Inorganic Chemistry.
Chemistry of Life…and some Biology. Fundamental Building Blocks Elements-can’t be broken down by chemical reaction Atoms-basic unit of an element Atomic.
Advanced Biology. Atoms – the building blocks of matter Nucleus – the center of the atom; the location of neutrons and protons Protons – positively charged.
Biology Ch 2 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE.  M1: Ecology  Study of large scale stuff  M2: Molecules to Organisms  Study of really small scale stuff  M3:
KEY CONCEPT All living things are based on atoms and their interactions. Chapter 2: Macromolecules.
Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis. Chemical Components of A Cell Major Atoms Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds Four major families of small molecules Sugar, fatty.
Chemistry of Life Chapter 2. Why chemistry? Remember atoms?
4.A.1 Biomolecules The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules. II. Classes of Organic Molecules: What are the four classes of organic molecules?
The Chemistry of Life  Elements and the Periodic Table  Atomic Structure  Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule  Bonding between atoms Covalent: non-polar.
Unit 1 The Chemistry of Life Chapters 2-5. Chapter 2 The chemical context of life You must know: The 3 subatomic particles & their significance The types.
The Chemistry of Microbiology
Chapter 6 Chemistry of Life.
Chemistry in Biology Section 1: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis
Macromolecules & Functional Groups
KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
The Chemistry of Life Domains of Study Domain of BioMolecules
The Chemistry of Life
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
Macromolecules and Water
Warm Up Draw and label the parts of an atom.
Chemistry of Life.
The Building Blocks of Life
Presentation transcript:

Chapter 2: Chemical Components of Life Living cells are not composed of atoms found only in them. But their compositions do differ from the non-living environment on Earth. Four atoms (Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen constitute 96% of living cells. Fig. 2-4

Fig. 2-5 Chemistry Review - Atoms are most stable with full electron shells. - Inner shells fill first. - They can either donate/gain or share electrons to accomplish this.

Fig. 2-7 Periodic Table of Elements Cells are composed of the lightest, most stable elements (share electrons that are located close to nucleus). Atoms in vertical columns share properties donate e - gain e -

Covalent vs. Ionic Bonds Fig. 2-6 can be shared equally or non-equally

Fig. 2-7 Periodic Table of Elements donate e - gain e - Electronegativity Electronegativity (Attractive Force on Electrons) depends on: 1) # protons in nucleus and 2) distance between protons and outer shell e - C and H similar O and H very different Electronegativity

Characteristics of Some Chemical Bonds Found in Cells

Polar H 2 O Accounts for 70% Cell Weight Fig determines behavior of cellular molecules

Ionic Molecules Polar Molecules

-contain mostly non-polar H-C bonds -cannot form H-bonds with H 2 O, so are not soluble in H 2 O Panel 2-2e

Polar Covalent Bonds of H 2 O Can Dissociate Fig. 2-15b at pH 7.0

Acts as Acid in H 2 O (donates H + to H 2 O) Acts as Base in H 2 O (gains H + from H 2 O) N H H N H H amine group amine group hydroxyl ion (protonated) Some Polar Covalent Bonds Can Donate or Gain H + from H 2 O

Noncovalent Bonds Are Important for Associations between Molecules in Cells They’re weakness allows for transient, regulated associations. Fig Complementary charged faces interact

-contain mostly non-polar H-C bonds -cannot form H-bonds with H 2 O, so are not soluble in H 2 O Panel 2-2e

Panel 2-7e

Fatty Acid Hydrocarbon Tails Panel 2-4a The hydrophobic effect causes nonpolar molecules to aggregate to avoid H 2 O

Macromolecules are Constructed of Covalently Linked Subunits Fig. 2-28

Condensation Reactions Link Subunits into Macromolecular Polymers Fig. 2-29

Fig Condensation Reactions Link Monosaccharides Into Polysaccharides and polysaccharides

Nucleic Acids are Built Through Condensation Reactions Between Nucleotides Fig & 2-26

Nucleotides Also Serve as Energy Storage Molecules condensation hydrolysis Fig. 2-25

Proteins Are Built of Amino Acid Subunits

SH CH 2 Panel 2-5e Condensation Reactions Link Amino Acids into Polypeptides through Peptide Bonds Condensation reaction between Carboxyl group of one amino acid and amine group of second amino acid Peptide bond in red is planar and rigid and does not allow rotation.

Panel 2-5a form H bonds participate in hydrophobic and Van der Waals interactions form ionic bonds

Panel 2-5f

Panel 2-5b

Act as Acid (donates H + to H 2 O) Act as Base (gains H + from H 2 O) amine group water amine group hydroxyl ion (protonated) H N H H Polar Charged Amino Acids Can Donate or Gain H + from H 2 O pK ’ : equilibrium pH pK ’ : equilibrium pH protonated deprotonated N H H + O H - H + O H protonated deprotonated

deprotonated at pH 7.0 protonated at pH either equilibrium < protonated deprotonated > Acids Bases either - pK ’ of Polar Charged R Groups

Panel 2-5h

Panel 2-5g

Noncovalent Bonds Are Also Crucial in Macromolecular 3D Folding and Assembly Fig. 2-34