Periodic Table of the Elements 1 2 Groups Groups Actinides Lanthanides Periods

Oxidation States (Charges) ±4± Not Predictable Notes: The Oxidation State tells us what an atom will do in order to fill its valence electron level. Ex. +1 means that an atom will LOSE 1 electron in order to be Happy. -3 means that an element will GAIN 3 electrons to be happy. Reactions Between Groups: When elements react they like to balance out (+1 will react with -1 etc..). 0 charge means that elements in Group 18 DO NOT LIKE TO REACT!!!!!

Group Names of Periodic Table Noble Gases Halogens/Halides Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals

Metals: Elements that are shiny and conduct heat and electricity well, Metalloids: Elements that have properties similar to metals and nonmetals Nonmetals: Elements that are dull, brittle, or Gases. Do not conduct heat or electricity well. Types of Elements The Stairstep: Represents the dividing line between Metals and Nonmetals.

Similar Chemical Characteristics Notes: Whenever they ask, “which element has similar characteristics,” you will look for the element that is in the SAME GROUP!

Periodic Table Box Info. 14 Si Silicon Atomic Number Name Atomic Mass Symbol Atomic number is also PROTON number. TAKS will also use it as ELECTRON number Each Element has its own unique symbol. A capital letter always starts a new element.

Law of Conservation of Mass Rule #1: Balancing Equations All elements must have the same number in the reactants and products. Rule #2: Mass of Products MUST Equal Mass of Reactants When the mass of the reactants is added up, it must be equal to the mass of the products added up. Example 2 Na + 1 Cl 2  2 NaCl 28g Na react with 30g Cl 2 to produce ____g NaCl. Rule #1 2Na 2Cl ReactantsProducts Rule #2 28g+ =30g58g 58

Balancing Equations Method One: Balance and find the answer (PO 4 ) (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) Ca K ReactantsProducts x X X x 6 6 X O 2 2 x 6 2 1

Balancing Equations Method Two: Eliminate Reactants Products C O 21 X X

Density D=D= ass olume

Density of Three Liquids 50g 50ml Density= ____g/ml 150g 100ml Density= ____g/ml 30g 25ml Density= ____g/ml If we pour these three liquids together, where will they be? Top: Middle: Bottom: Least Dense Most Dense

High ViscosityLow Viscosity Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s ability to flow. Do not confuse it with Density. Viscosity

Physical vs. Chemical Change Physical Change – A change that does not result in a new chemical. Chemical Change – A change that does result in a new chemical. What type of change is this? Chemical Physical

Answers to worksheet Physical Physical Chemical PhysicalChemical Freezes shattered mix boil melting dissolving evaporating heating erosion thermal expansion baked ignited corroding ripen rusting decomposition tarnishing Acid rain Chemical reaction

HH O El Oso Polar Muerto The Molecular arrangement of a water molecule Hydrogen Oxygen Positive charge near Hydrogens Negative charge near Oxygen

Water is special… 1.The density of water is __________g/ml 2.When water freezes, its density __________________. This allows aquatic life to __________________ in a frozen lake. 3. Water is unique because of its ________________________________ 4. Water can dissolve many substances because it is ________________________ 5. Water has a very high specific heat. Water will heat up ___________ and cool down ____________ compared to other substances decreases Survive Molecular Arrangement Polar slowly

Solubility Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve. Three factors affect solubility. 1.Surface area- The more surface area a solute has the faster it will dissolve. Sugar cube dissolves slowly while powdered sugar will dissolve quickly. 2.Agitation- Solids: The more you agitate (stir or shake) a solution, the quicker the solute will dissolve. Gases: More shake, less dissolve. 3.Temperature- Solids: The higher the temperature of solvent, the more the solute will dissolve. Gases: More temperature, less dissolve.

Acids and Bases The pH Scale AB cidase Neutral Turns Litmus REDTurns Litmus BLUE GETS STRONGER When an Acid Reacts with a Base, they NEUTRALIZE each other.

Ionic Compound Formation Na +1 O -2 NaO is understood so drop it.

Ionic Compound Formation Al +3 SO 4 -2 AlSO Since we need 3 SO 4 ’s we add parentheses around SO 4 and put the 3 outside. (SO 4 )