The Chemistry of Life
Up and Atom! Basic Unit of Matter is the ATOM 100 million atoms is only 1 cm long!
Subatomic Particles Protons (+) Electrons (-) Neutrons Protons and Neutrons have similar mass. Electrons have 1/1840 the mass of a proton.
Elements Element – a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom. The periodic table is full of them! Ex: Carbon, Oxygen, Chlorine, Neon
Chemical Compounds A compound is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. Ex: H 2 0, NaCl, C 6 H 12 O 6
Chemical Bonds Ionic Bond 1 or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Atom gaining electrons becomes more (-) Atom losing electrons becomes more (+) A (+) or (-) charged atom is known as an ion. Covalent Bond Electrons are shared between two atoms. This forms a molecule.
Polarity of Water Uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen.
Hydrogen Bonds Cohesion Attraction between molecules of the same substance. Creates surface tension.
Hydrogen Bonds Adhesion Attraction between molecules of different substances.
Macromolecules Large compounds formed by joining smaller compounds. Monomer – single unit Polymer - multiple units joined together
Carbohydrates C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio Main source of energy Ex: glucose(sugar) and starches C 6 H 12 O 6
Carbohydrates Monosaccharaides – single sugar molecule Polysaccharides – many sugar molecules joined together
Lipids C,H Fats, oils, waxes Not soluble in liquids(generally) Used to store energy Great at waterproofing Used by cells to create a membrane
Lipids Saturated – Carbons are joined by single bond. Unsaturated – At least one C - C bond is a double bond.
Nucleic Acids C,H,N,O,P Made out of individual monomers called nucleotides. Consists of 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Store and transmit genetic information. Ribonucelic Acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Proteins C,H,N,O Polymers of amino acids Controls the rate of reactions and regulates cell processes. Form bones and muscles Transport substances in/out cell Fight disease
Proteins Amino group (-NH 2 ) and a carboxyl group (-COOH).
Proteins Amino Acids Protein Molecule
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Process that changes, or transforms one set of chemicals into another.
Reaction Basics Reactant – elements or compounds that enter in to the reaction Products – the elements or compounds that are produced by a reaction. making more products making more reactants (reverse reaction)
Endothermic vs Exothermic Endothermic – energy absorbing Feels cold Exothermic – energy releasing Feels warm Looks bright You can hear it
Energy How do plants get energy? How do animals get energy?
Energy Activation Energy – energy needed to get the reaction started.
Enzymes Proteins that act as biological catalyst Catalyst – substance that speeds up the rate of reaction. So an enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cell. How? By lowering the required activation energy.
Regulating Enzymes pH Temperature Proteins can turn some enzymes on/off.