Rome: From Republic to Civil War OUTLINE Royal Rome ( BC) Early Roman Republic ( BC) Roman Conquests Impact of Conquests Continued Upheaval Downfall of the Republic IDENTIFICATIONS Imperium Roman Senate Roman Republic Consul Patrician Plebeians Punic Wars Sulla Julius Caesar

Italy, 380 BC

Royal Rome ( BC) Structure of the Political Order King (rex) King (rex) –Power of the imperium Senate (Conscript Fathers) Senate (Conscript Fathers) –Main arbiter of power Centuriate Assembly Centuriate Assembly –Elects senior magistrates –Invests magistrates with imperium

Struggle of Orders (5th-3rd c. BC) Twelve Tables: codified law, c. 450 BC Twelve Tables: codified law, c. 450 BC Plebeian Assembly, Tribunes of the People Plebeian Assembly, Tribunes of the People Licinian-Sextian Laws (367 BC) Licinian-Sextian Laws (367 BC) –Established the right of Plebeians to hold office of Consul Hortensian Law (287 BC) Hortensian Law (287 BC) –Plebiscites have the force of law on all citizens

Structure of Government Other Magistrates – –Censors: census and tax functions – –Usually ex-consuls – –Praetors: judicial & military functions – –Quaestor: financial administrator – –Aediles: municipal official – –Lictors: minor officials, carry fasces, not elected Consuls: 2 elected yearly – –imperium Senate (life terms for 300) – –Old royal council, now advisory body Centuriate Assembly: tradition of clan and military organization Plebeian assembly: elects 10 tribunes yearly – –veto power, persons sacrosanct, intermissio The patron / client relationship was the fundamental relationship governing all careers and social interaction in Rome: Almost all Romans were both clients and patrons

Evolution of the Republic 509 BC:Roman Republic : Struggle of the Orders 450 BC:Twelve Tables – –Intermarriage permitted – –Debt bondage eliminated 367 BC:Consulship open to Plebeians 287 BC:Rise of Tribunes and Plebeian authority

Roman Magistracies Consuls: 2 elected annually Consuls: 2 elected annually –Exclusively from the patrician class until 367 BC –Held power of the imperium –Chief executives of Republic –Eponymous-the year they served bears their names –Usually achieve office at age 35-40

Praetor—judges and military officers Praetor—judges and military officers –Often rule various aspects of society, i.e. governors of territories and of Rome –Reach office at age Aediles—in charge of city services Aediles—in charge of city services –Grain supply, water, weights & measures, city watch, entertainment –Reach office at age Quaestors—financial and tax officials Quaestors—financial and tax officials –Reach office at age Censor—former consuls Censor—former consuls –Elected every five years to take census –Establish eligibility of senators

Fasces: Symbol of State Authority

Tribune—officer of the Plebian Assembly Tribune—officer of the Plebian Assembly –Had to be a plebeian –Ten elected annually –Responsible for protecting rights of the people –Can veto (“I forbid” in Latin) any act of Senate deemed harmful to popular interest –“intercessio” authority to intervene between citizen and magistrate to prevent abuse of power –Sacrosanctity: person of Tribune inviolate

Organization of the Early Roman Republic ( BC) Senate selected (by censor) for life Senate selected (by censor) for life Assemblies (all citizens) Assemblies (all citizens) –Centuriate Assembly (6th c. BC) Organization of the army Organization of the army –Citizen soldiers (self- armed) –Obligation and right to serve

The Expansion of Rome Control over Italy BC “All Roads lead to Rome”

Rome’s new territories Expansion of Roman Citizenship Expansion of Roman Citizenship –Municipia (sing.=municipium)  Cities become “friends of Rome” ()  Cities become “friends of Rome” (socii) –Latin rights:  Protection from enemies  Must provide soldiers for legions  Share in the spoils  No voting privileges –Civitas sine sufragium

Punic Wars Red: Rome & Roman Confederation Blue: Territories controlled by Carthage Green: Carthaginian territories lost in the 1st Punic War

The Punic Wars : First Punic War starts over Sicily Naval war: Romans lose at first but devise new tactics to win Hamilcar Barca leads Carthaginian force Carthage pays indemnity of 200K pounds of silver, Carthage pays indemnity of 200K pounds of silver, loses Sicily and Sardinia

Second Punic War ( Second Punic War ( BC) War starts over Spain Invasion of Italy BC Roman losses at Lake Trasimene (217 BC) and Cannae (216 BC) Hannibal and Scipio battle at Zama in 202 BC Macedonian Campaigns ( BC)

Second Punic War, BC

Goal to destroy Carthage Cato the Censor “Carthago delenda est” Carthage must be destroyed) Conquest of Greece Third Punic War

Punic Wars

Punic Wars:The Struggle with Carthage

War’s Effects on Government How does stratified society maintain political cohesion? Loss of farms, increase in urban poor Influx of wealth into Rome Slaves Booty Commercial opportunities in new territories

Constitutional Conflict Tiberius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus –Tribune (133 BC)  Issue: Land Reform  Legacy of Pergamum  Killed in riot 132 BC Gaius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus –Tribune ( BC)  Equestrians emerge as political force  Grain subsidy and land redistribution

Consequences of Success How do military virtues translate into civilian ones? – –133 BC: Tiberius Gracchus and Populist Reforms – –2nd BC: Era of Generals   Competition—Sulla versus Marius Threats to Republican Stability

The Era of the Generals and the Loss of Republican Ideals Gaius Marius (157 – 86 BC) Client Armies Sulla ( BC) March on Rome: Consul 88 BC Civil War: 83 BCE Appointed Dictator: 82–79 BC Suppression of Traditional Rights Proscription (publishing a notice) Sulla

Great Generals don’t make Great Republics Gnaeus Pompey ( BCE) adulescens carnifax Follower of Sulla Triumph and Popularity 70 BCE: Consul at only 36 years Defeat of Asia Minor & Seleucid Empire by 62BCE “Stop quoting the laws to us. We carry swords!”

Mediterranean World, 220 BC

Roman Empire, 52 BC

Late Republic ( BC) Novus Homo “New Men” Novus Homo “New Men” (c. 157–86 BC) Gaius Marius (c. 157–86 BC) –Consul (107–100 BC) –Client Armies (c. 138–78 BC) Lucius Cornelius Sulla (c. 138–78 BC) –Uprisings in Italy (91 BC) –Uprising in Asia Minor (88 BC) –Returned to Rome (83 BC)

Downfall of the Republic Gnaeus Pompey (106 – 48 BC) Gnaeus Pompey (106 – 48 BC) First Triumvirate (60 – 53 BC) First Triumvirate (60 – 53 BC) –Pompey –Crassus –Julius Caesar (100–44 BC) Rule of Caesar Rule of Caesar –Led army against Rome (49 BC) –Defeated enemies (45 BC) –Appointed as dictator (48 BC) –Extended tenure (45 BC) –Ides of March (15 March 44 BC )

Roman Empire, 44 BC