The Rise of Nationalism Enduring Understandings The collision of social unrest and new political ideas can lead to revolution. Nationalism can act as both a unifying and divisive force. Questions What new ideas moved to the rest of Europe that helped to fuel their revolutions for political change? How did nationalism play a role in these revolutions. Find evidence to support EU #2 above. Agenda Complete p #22 – about European Revolutions Answer questions 1 and 2 above Complete p #23 – about the rise of nationalism Read #24 and answer questions 1-3 Finish above Question #3 European Revolutions The Rise of Nationalism

1. French citizens’ armies win their revolution for liberty and equality Results, outcomes, consequences: Rest of Europe begins to buy into French Revolutionary ideas about: Equality, Liberty Popular sovereignty Sees success of mass action to achieve goals

2. Greeks revolt against Ottoman Empire Results, outcomes, consequences: Europeans feel a kinship with Greeks because of the connection (by way of renaissance) to ancient Greek culture. Russian feel kinship with Greeks due to Eastern Orthodox religion European militaries assist Greek independence movement by defeating Ottoman navy. Greeks win their independence from Ottomans (conflict still exists today on Cyprus)

3. Nationalist groups in Budapest, Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government Results, outcomes, consequences: Vienna riots forced resignation of Metternich in Austria Liberal government is demanded by radicals but they cannot unify Conservative backlash against radicals results in the failure of the revolutions.

4. Charles X tries to set up absolute monarchy in France. Results, outcomes, consequences: After Louis XVIII (18th) Charles X overextends himself and riots break out forcing him to flee, ending the idea of absolutism in France (sorta) Louis-Philippe becomes king of a constitutional monarchy Implements some liberal reforms and rules for 18 years. Becomes increasingly conservative, reacting violently to concerns of the working class hit hard by 1846-47 recession

5. Paris mobs overthrow monarchy of Louis-Philippe. Results, outcomes, consequences: First, led to radical-led 2nd Republic 2nd Republic fails within 4 years because the radicals begin to disagree. Radical disagreements end in open bloodshed People react to instability and chaos by supporting conservatives Who promote and then elect Louis- Napoleon Bonaparte

6. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte is elected president of France and later assumes title of Emperor Napoleon III Results, outcomes, consequences: Prosperity and peace occurs under the strong centralized, but enlightened control of Napoleon III Reform plans include: Building bridges and roads Railroads Schools And promoted industrialization

7. Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire during Crimean War Results, outcomes, consequences: Russia is defeated due to lack of industrialization and transportation capabilities Alexander II (who succeeds Nicholas as Czar) plans to rapidly modernize and industrialize

8. Alexander II issues the Edict of Emancipation Results, outcomes, consequences: Serfdom technically ends in Russia Serf no are no longer legally tied to the land. Peasant communities now own the land. BUT… Peasants have to work to pay off the land, by paying the Czar. Essentially they are tied to the land through debt.

Patterns of Change : Nationalism Nationalist disputes between Hungarians and Austrians led to the division of the empire into two states, which by the end of WWI led to two different nation-states (countries ) Nationalist feelings of non-Russians like the Finns, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, and the Baltic peoples against forced Russification, combined with the Crimean War led to weakening of Russian Empire that finally crumbles in WWI. Combination of nationalist feelings among groups in the Ottoman Empire, along with very nationalist feelings among conservative Turks attempting to spread Turkish nationalism led to disunity and conflict.

Patterns of Change : Nationalism Cavour Key adviser (prime minister) of King of Sardinia proposed uniting Italy under Sardinian Monarchy. With realpolitik cunning, allied with Napoleon III, started war with Austria, and took northern Italy by force. Also sent money and supplies to nationalist Italians in the South Garibaldi Like Bolivar in South America, Garibaldi led nationalist fighters to conquer Italy, uniting southern Italy, and then joining the South to King Victor Emmanuel’s Sardinia in the north to create the united Kingdom of Italy. However, nationalist feelings amongst the small “states” in Italy helped prevent Italy united government from successfully governing

Patterns of Change : Nationalism German Unification under Bismarck Realpolitik – tough, realistic, practical, non-ideological politics was the basis for Bismarck using force and deceit to beat opponents like Austria and France, and manipulate French and German people into supporting a unified German Empire. The Seven Weeks War resulted in German conquest of Northern German states taken from Austria and then was used to manipulate France to attack Germany. It was also used to manipulate southern Germans to support unification with the rest of Germany out of fear of France. Franco-Prussian War finished German unification, creating the “Second Reich” including Southern Germany France was defeated and set the stage for France to hate Germany, plan for future war and led to the horrors of World War I.