Introduction to Anatomy

Understanding Anatomy It’s the foundation of many health care professions It’s the foundation of many health care professions An ATC needs to have an excellent understanding of anatomy in order to determine what structures have been injured An ATC needs to have an excellent understanding of anatomy in order to determine what structures have been injured They also need to understand what constitutes normal movements in order to design appropriated rehabilitation and strength conditioning programs They also need to understand what constitutes normal movements in order to design appropriated rehabilitation and strength conditioning programs

Anatomical position There is a particular alignment of the body which all medical professionals use as a standard There is a particular alignment of the body which all medical professionals use as a standard Refers to an erect stance, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward. Refers to an erect stance, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward. The body moves in relation to 3 planes The body moves in relation to 3 planes Frontal-cuts body in half from front to back Frontal-cuts body in half from front to back Sagittal-cuts body in half from left to right Sagittal-cuts body in half from left to right Transverse-cuts body in half from top to bottom Transverse-cuts body in half from top to bottom

Common Medical Terms of Location Anterior-refers to the front of the body Anterior-refers to the front of the body Ex. Anterior aspect of the lower leg means the front of the leg was injured Ex. Anterior aspect of the lower leg means the front of the leg was injured Posterior-refers to the back of the body Posterior-refers to the back of the body Ex. If the back of the knee hurts, it’s the posterior aspect of the knee Ex. If the back of the knee hurts, it’s the posterior aspect of the knee Medial –towards the middle (sagittal plane) Medial –towards the middle (sagittal plane) Lateral-towards the outside (sagittal plane) Lateral-towards the outside (sagittal plane)

Common Medical Terms of Location Proximal-means toward an attachment (such as where the limb attaches to the trunk) Proximal-means toward an attachment (such as where the limb attaches to the trunk) Ex. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow Ex. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow Distal-means away from the attachment Distal-means away from the attachment The knee is distal to the hip The knee is distal to the hip Superior-refers to one point or structure being higher than another Superior-refers to one point or structure being higher than another The knee is superior to the ankle The knee is superior to the ankle Inferior-refers to one point being lower than another Inferior-refers to one point being lower than another The pelvis is inferior to the ribs The pelvis is inferior to the ribs

Common Medical Terms of Location Dorsal-refers to the posterior aspect of the foot or hand Dorsal-refers to the posterior aspect of the foot or hand Ventral-refers to the anterior aspect of the foot or hand Ventral-refers to the anterior aspect of the foot or hand Superficial-means close to the body’s surface Superficial-means close to the body’s surface Deep-means away from the body’s surface Deep-means away from the body’s surface

Bones Bones have 3 primary functions Bones have 3 primary functions Protect vital organs and structures from trauma Protect vital organs and structures from trauma Bones are stiff structures that are acted on by muscles to create movement Bones are stiff structures that are acted on by muscles to create movement Bones are metabolically active; the produce blood cells and store minerals Bones are metabolically active; the produce blood cells and store minerals **bones also protect the nerves and blood vessels that travel alongside them

Skeleton Made up of approximately 206 bones and an astounding number of muscles Made up of approximately 206 bones and an astounding number of muscles The skeleton is categorized into 2 parts: The skeleton is categorized into 2 parts: Axial skeleton-spine, thorax, skull Axial skeleton-spine, thorax, skull Appendicular-bones of the extremities Appendicular-bones of the extremities

Types of Bones Long (like the femur) Long (like the femur) At the end of each long bone is an area where growth occurs At the end of each long bone is an area where growth occurs Called the epiphysis (growth plate) Called the epiphysis (growth plate) Vulnerable to injury during adolescence Vulnerable to injury during adolescence Short (like the metacarpals) Short (like the metacarpals) Flat (like the scapula) Flat (like the scapula) Irregular (like the vertebra) Irregular (like the vertebra)

Cartilage Covers the ends of long bones and can be found between bones. Covers the ends of long bones and can be found between bones. Functions of cartilage: Functions of cartilage: Join structures (example: the ribs and sternum) Join structures (example: the ribs and sternum) Absorb shock Absorb shock Permit smooth bone movement Permit smooth bone movement

Muscles Contractions allow the body to: Contractions allow the body to: accelerate, accelerate, decelerate, decelerate, stop movement stop movement Help maintain normal postural alignment Help maintain normal postural alignment **muscles produce heat as well

Ligaments and Tendons Both are composed of connective tissue Both are composed of connective tissue Tendons attach muscle to bone Tendons attach muscle to bone Transmit the force that a muscle exerts Transmit the force that a muscle exerts Ligaments connect bones Ligaments connect bones Help form joints Help form joints

Classification of Joints Diarthrodial (aka synovial joints) Diarthrodial (aka synovial joints) Consist of a joint capsule, synovial membrane, hyaline cartilage, and ligaments Consist of a joint capsule, synovial membrane, hyaline cartilage, and ligaments Examples are hinge joints (elbow and knee) and multiaxial or ball-and-socket joints (shoulder and hip) Examples are hinge joints (elbow and knee) and multiaxial or ball-and-socket joints (shoulder and hip)

Classification of Joints Amphiarthrodial-have cartilage attaching 2 bones together Amphiarthrodial-have cartilage attaching 2 bones together Aka cartilaginous joints Aka cartilaginous joints Example is where the ribs join the sternum Example is where the ribs join the sternum

Classification of Joints Synarthrodial-held together by tough connective tissue and are basically immovable Synarthrodial-held together by tough connective tissue and are basically immovable Aka fibrous joints Aka fibrous joints This type of joint joins the bones of the skull and the tibia and fibula of the lower leg This type of joint joins the bones of the skull and the tibia and fibula of the lower leg

Movement terminology Flexion-a bending movement around a joint in a limb away from its straightened position Flexion-a bending movement around a joint in a limb away from its straightened position Extension-astraightening movement around a joint to restore it to anatomical position Extension-astraightening movement around a joint to restore it to anatomical position Abduction-movement away from the midline of the body Abduction-movement away from the midline of the body Adduction-movement toward the midline of the body Adduction-movement toward the midline of the body

Movement terminology Pronation-a movement that turns the palm of the hand downward as if it were emptying a bowl of soup Pronation-a movement that turns the palm of the hand downward as if it were emptying a bowl of soup Supination-a movement that turns the palm of the hand upward as if it were holding a bowl of soup Supination-a movement that turns the palm of the hand upward as if it were holding a bowl of soup Inversion-a movement that turns the sole of the foot inward, toward the midline of the body Inversion-a movement that turns the sole of the foot inward, toward the midline of the body Eversion-a movement that turns the sole of the foot outward, away from the midline of the body Eversion-a movement that turns the sole of the foot outward, away from the midline of the body

Movement terminology Protraction-movement of the scapulas away from one another Protraction-movement of the scapulas away from one another Retraction-when the scapulas are moved or pulled together Retraction-when the scapulas are moved or pulled together Rotation-the spinning or turning movement of a bony segment around an axis Rotation-the spinning or turning movement of a bony segment around an axis Circumduction-movement of a limb in a circular pattern Circumduction-movement of a limb in a circular pattern