Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

ANATOMY THE STUDY OF THE FORM & STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY THE STUDY OF THE FORM & STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY Where is the heart? Where is the heart? How large is the liver? How large is the liver? How many muscles do you have? How many muscles do you have?

gross anatomy - The study of the organs, parts, and structures of a body that are visible to the naked eye. gross anatomy - The study of the organs, parts, and structures of a body that are visible to the naked eye.

PHYSIOLOGY Study of how a living organism works. Study of how a living organism works. How does the heart know when to beat? How does the heart know when to beat? What makes a muscle stretch? What makes a muscle stretch? How does the liver store CHO? How does the liver store CHO?

PROTOPLASM Basic substance of all LIFE Basic substance of all LIFE ordinary elements such as ordinary elements such as C O2 O2 H S N P

pathophysiology - The study of how disease occurs and response of the body to disease process. pathophysiology - The study of how disease occurs and response of the body to disease process.

CELLS Protoplasm comes together to form cells Protoplasm comes together to form cells CELLS are the basic unit of structure & function of all living things. CELLS are the basic unit of structure & function of all living things. Microscopic Microscopic Carry on all functions of life Carry on all functions of life

Require O2 Require O2 Produce heat & energy Produce heat & energy Move & adapt to environment Move & adapt to environment Eliminate waste products Eliminate waste products Perform special functions Perform special functions

CELL PARTS Cell membrane- outer protective covering: Allows substances to enter & leave cell Cell membrane- outer protective covering: Allows substances to enter & leave cell Cytoplasm: semi- fluid substance inside of cell. Contains water, fats, proteins, CHO, minerals, salts. Cytoplasm: semi- fluid substance inside of cell. Contains water, fats, proteins, CHO, minerals, salts.

ORGANELLS- Structures inside the cell ORGANELLS- Structures inside the cell Nucleus- The brain, main controls Nucleus- The brain, main controls Nucleolus- RNA production inside the nucleus Nucleolus- RNA production inside the nucleus Chromatin- Inside the nucleus, makes DNA & chromosomes Chromatin- Inside the nucleus, makes DNA & chromosomes Mitochondria- rod shaped, powerhouse of the cell, makes energy Mitochondria- rod shaped, powerhouse of the cell, makes energy Golgi Apparatus- Produces, stores & packages secretions for discharge form the cell. Garbage Compactor of the cell Golgi Apparatus- Produces, stores & packages secretions for discharge form the cell. Garbage Compactor of the cell

Endoplasmic Recticulum- tubular structures that allows for transportation of materials into & out of the cell. Train of the cell Endoplasmic Recticulum- tubular structures that allows for transportation of materials into & out of the cell. Train of the cell smooth- makes cholesterol, detox smooth- makes cholesterol, detox from drugs from drugs Rough- builds proteins Rough- builds proteins Lysosomes- oval bodies that digest & destroy old cells. Pac Man of the cell Lysosomes- oval bodies that digest & destroy old cells. Pac Man of the cell Pinocytic Vesicles- folds in cell membrane. The folds capture & hold protein & fats, then form bubbles to help then enter the cell Pinocytic Vesicles- folds in cell membrane. The folds capture & hold protein & fats, then form bubbles to help then enter the cell

Reproduction Cells need to reproduce to keep organism alive Cells need to reproduce to keep organism alive Skin, blood forming cells, & intestinal tract cells reproduce continuously Skin, blood forming cells, & intestinal tract cells reproduce continuously Muscle cells reproduce every few years, but most can be enlarged by exercising Muscle cells reproduce every few years, but most can be enlarged by exercising Special cells such as nerve cells in the brain & spinal cord do not reproduce after birth, & if they are damaged they cannot be repaired or replaced Special cells such as nerve cells in the brain & spinal cord do not reproduce after birth, & if they are damaged they cannot be repaired or replaced

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS Mitosis is the process of cell division of a normal cell. Has 46 chromosomes Mitosis is the process of cell division of a normal cell. Has 46 chromosomes Meiosis is the cell division of a sex cell (sperm & ovum) which halves the number of chromosomes. Each sex cell has 23 chromosomes. Meiosis is the cell division of a sex cell (sperm & ovum) which halves the number of chromosomes. Each sex cell has 23 chromosomes.

Tissues Cells of the same type that are joined together for a common purpose Cells of the same type that are joined together for a common purpose

4 TYPES OF TISSUE EPITHELIAL EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE CONNECTIVE NERVE NERVE MUSCLE MUSCLE

EPITHELIAL COVERS THE BODY, MAIN TISSUE OF THE SKIN COVERS THE BODY, MAIN TISSUE OF THE SKIN FORMS LINING OF THE INTESTINAL, RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY & URINARY TRACT FORMS LINING OF THE INTESTINAL, RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY & URINARY TRACT FORMS GLANDS OF THE BODY FORMS GLANDS OF THE BODY

CONNECTIVE SUPPORTIVE FABRIC OF THE BODY SUPPORTIVE FABRIC OF THE BODY 3 TYPES SOFT- Adipose or fat (insulates body) SOFT- Adipose or fat (insulates body) Tendons, ligaments Tendons, ligaments HARD- Cartilage & bone HARD- Cartilage & bone LIQUID- Blood LIQUID- Blood

NERVE Made of specialized cells called-neurons Made of specialized cells called-neurons Carries nerve messages from brain throughout the body Carries nerve messages from brain throughout the body Makes up nerves, brain, and spinal cord Makes up nerves, brain, and spinal cord

MUSCLE Produces power & movement of the body Produces power & movement of the body 3 Types 3 Types Skeletal- attaches to bone to move body Skeletal- attaches to bone to move body Cardiac- cause heart to beat Cardiac- cause heart to beat Visceral (Smooth)- present in the walls of blood vessels, walls of respiratory, urinary & digestive tracks Visceral (Smooth)- present in the walls of blood vessels, walls of respiratory, urinary & digestive tracks

Organs Two or more TISSUES JOINED TOGETHER TO PERFORM A Specific FUNCTION Two or more TISSUES JOINED TOGETHER TO PERFORM A Specific FUNCTION Example- Heart, lungs, stomach, brain, skin, pancreas, uterus etc

SYSTEM Organs joined together for a common purpose Organs joined together for a common purpose Digestive System Digestive System Respiratory System Respiratory System Urinary System Urinary System Reproductive System Reproductive System

Organism Systems joined together for a common good Systems joined together for a common good THE HUMAN ORGANISM THE HUMAN ORGANISM

Summary Cell: Basic unit if structure and function of all living things Cells combine to form tissues 4 Tissue types: Epithelial. Connective (soft and hard), Nerve, Muscle (skeletal, cardiac, visceral) Tissues combine to form organs Organs combine to form organ systems (integumentary,skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive) Systems work together to create the miracle of the human body