KINGDOM PLANTAE CHAPTERS 27-31

CHARACTERISTICS Autotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular, primarily diploid but some triploid (corn) Plant-like protists (algae) is the link to plants

STRUCTURE OF A PLANT Roots : anchor plant absorb water and nutrients from soil storage in some Root cap to protect root during growth

Leaves : capturing sunlight for photosynthesis gas exchange: CO 2 in and O 2 out through stomata

Stems : transport of water and nutrients between leaves and root

Plant vascular tissue: xylem: transports water and nutrients from the soil to the rest of the plant phloem: carries organic materials (such as glucose) to the rest of the plant

PLANT DIVERSITY: increasing in complexity Non Vascular (bryophytes): lacks vascular tissue so it must remain small to transport materials moss liverwort hornwort

Vascular Seedless: uses spores to reproduce whisk fern tree fern whisk fern horsetail club moss

Vascular Gymnosperms (naked seed plants) Cycads Gingkoes Conifers

Vascular Angiosperms (flowering/fruit bearing seed plants) Non-vascular non-seed vascular naked seed vascular flowering vascular

Cladograms

A cladogram is a family tree based on shared physical characteristics. –A cladogram is does not show phylogeny but phylogeny can often be inferred. –A branching point would give a best guess as to what to look for in a common ancestor.

Making a cladogram 1.Make a chart with all the characteristic you will be looking at. 2.Group species in nested Ven-diagram. 3.Transfer Ven-Diagram to tree.