Carbon Group or group 4A By Rocco Campanale and Nick Decristofano

The elements Carbon - C Uses: Diamonds for jewelry, car parts, graphite for pencils Found in nature: Carbon and its components are widely distributed in nature. Silicon - Si Uses: glass, cement, ceramics, most semiconductor devices, silicon resins, seals and oils Fond in nature: Silicon is found in many dioxide forms Germanium - Ge Uses: mainly used in transistors and integrated circuits Found in nature: it is widely dispersed in nature. Germanium ores are rare to find as well. Tin - Sn Uses: can coating: tin-plated steel containers Found in nature: Commonly found in the ground 40% of world’s tin located in Malaysia Lead - Pb Uses: car batteries, coloring element in ceramic glazes, and projectiles Found in nature: rare in nature, usually found in a ore of zinc, silver, and copper

Physical Properties They all have characteristics of metalloids and nonmetals Carbon is either a gas or semisolid, Silicon and Germanium are metalloids, while Tin and Lead are metals Carbon when solid is soft and a dull black Silicon is a semiconductor, with a metallic sheen and very brittle Germanium hard, lustrous, grey and white, very brittle with a diamond crystalline like structure Tin is soft and malleable, silvery white metal Lead is bluish white metal, and malleable is ductile All have relatively high melting points

Chemical Properties All have four electrons in the outer shell Don’t form ions easily Carbon forms bonds with many outer elements CO 2 is carbon in it dioxide state it has 2 oxygen's attached to it Silicon is electropositive Silicon bonds to oxygen to form silicates Tin resists corrosion from distilled, sea and soft tap water, and can be attacked by strong acids, alkalis and acid salts. Tin also has an oxide film that protects it well Germanium is unaffected by alkalis and acids, except nitric acid. Lead is very resistant to corrosion but tarnishes upon exposure to air.

Interesting facts All life is based on Carbon Carbon has a larger number of compounds then any other element Silicon is the second most abundant element in earth’s crust Germanium crystals used for airport security Tin has been in use since 600 b. c. e. Lead can cause brain damage and disrupt the nervous system The electron configuration for the group always ends in p2, any element that ends in p2 is part of the Carbon Group

Conclusion Each element has many uses throughout the world. Because they are abundant and unique all life is made of carbon. there is a whole science of organic chemistry this is the studies of carbon and the many different bond that it can from The properties of silicon and germanium lead to the computer revolution Tin and lead are important for in many early civilizations like Rome. The reason why these metals were used for many different things