Human Geography

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3 Physical features cause cultural barriers…

 Learn about supranationalism in Europe  Understand the nationalism that has thrown the region into armed conflict many times  What is nationalism? 4

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 Understand the formation of the European Union, and the evolution of a common currency, the euro  Become familiar with the locational, physical, demographic, cultural, political, and economic characteristics of Europe 6

 Let’s REVIEW these concepts and models: 7 Cold War Satellite nations Command Economy Capitalism/Market Economy Parliamentary Democracy Supranationalism Demographic Transition Core-Periphery Diffusion Globalization Secularization HEI Urban/rural Urbanization More/less developed

 Europe is diverse  Different climates, landforms, agricultural output  37 different countries  Many different languages and cultures  Long history of warfare, mostly along national lines  Europe is globalizing, was a major colonial power  European Union, a supranational organization  Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia broke up; Germany is reunited  Beginning of the Industrial Revolution  Center of 19 th century imperialism What is imperialism? 8

 Results of: classical civilizations, Christianity, the Renaissance & Reformation, the Enlightenment, and the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions.  Industrial Revolution started here:  This greatly altered many kinds of relationships in the world. The various countries within the realm have a history of interaction among themselves.  Has been highly influenced by “Western Culture” 9

 Factors to Europe’s Success  Place: climate conducive to production  Location: access to major waterways, centrally located (hearth)  Human Environment Interaction: abundance of coal and iron ore (makes steel!) >>>  Movement: maritime dominance, imperialism (What is imperialism?) 10

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Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 12 This imperialism cartoon appeared in August 15, 1900 issue of the American literary magazine Puck. In the cartoon, animals representing different countries are battling over China (seen as a dragon). During the Age of Imperialism, Asia was a popular target for extending an empire and dividing among these foreign powers. The bear represents Russia, the lion is Britain, the rooster is France, the eagle is Germany, the two-headed eagle is Austria, Japan is the tiger and the bald eagle is the United States. The artist gives the animals a vicious look as they hold weapons, display sharp teeth, or outstretch their claws. The artist’s depiction creates the feeling that imperialism in Asia was an uncivilized and ferocious because of the animals’ harsh appearance and by comparing the countries to beasts.

European Union Began as European Economic Community (EEC), Stronger in new members joined, 2004 Turkey and Romania want to join but have faced resistance. Conflict in Ukraine? Russia vs. EU Mission: common foreign policies and mutual security agreements, greater economic integration and common currency

Euroland: The European Monetary Union January 1, 1999: Eleven of the 15 EU member nations joined the European Monetary Union and adopted the euro The euro was a common currency for business and trade transactions On January 1, 2002, citizens in the “Euroland” countries began using the euro in their everyday lives 14

Turn to a partner and answer these questions together… 1. Explain what the European Realm is and what has influenced it? 2. Analyze what has contributed to Europe’s historical success. 3. What are the purposes of the European Union?

16  Population Density in the Core and Periphery million people in Europe (more than half a billion) - Highest densities (lots of people in smaller area) located in historic industrial core (England, Netherlands, N. France, N. Italy, Western Germany)

 The Landscapes of Urban Europe  Europe is highly urbanized Over 50% of the population in most countries live in urban areas (cities); 90% of the people in the UK and Belgium live in urban areas. 17

 Who can explain what the Demographic Transition Model is?  What are the stages? 18

 Stage one  Birth/death rate high  Fragile population  Stage two  Death rates decline  Birth rates still high  Natural increase high  Stage three  Death and birth rates decline  Decreasing growth  Stage Four  Birth/death rates are almost =  Zero Population Growth  Most Northern and Western European countries

20  Natural Growth: The Demographic Transition Model Europe continues to experience slow natural growth (birth rates lower than or almost equal to death rates What stage is this? New Stage? Immigration prevents population decline… Where have we seen this? Causes? Effects?

 Shrinking population rather than a growing population – below Zero Population Growth (ZPG)  Reaction to urbanization and the expense of raising children in urban/industrial societies – so fertility rates in some countries have dropped below 2.1  Industrialization and urbanization usually move a country to the fourth stage of the demographic transition 21

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Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 23

Let’s answer these questions together… 1. Where do most people live in Europe? 2. What does high-density population mean? 3. What 2 countries have highest urban populations? 4. What stage of the DTM is most of Europe in? Why? 5. What are causes and effects of this?

 Immigration has increased because of job opportunities  Europeans take mostly higher level, skilled jobs…leave lower level, physical labor jobs. Where have we seen this? Workers needed to keep up tax revenues, support retirees (what will happen to work force?)  EU working to establish common immigration policy throughout region Guest workers – migrant workers from other countries Germany has large immigrant population and other European countries have migrants from their former colonies Additional migration from Eastern to Western Europe in the 1990’s (after what?) 25

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 Migration to and Within Europe  Causes?Effects?  Growing resistance to unlimited migration Scarce jobs should go to Europeans first Concerns about international terrorism Frustration with immigrants not integrating Concern about dilution (?) of national culture 27

Great Britain is an island that includes  England  Scotland  Wales United Kingdom is the name of a country  Includes:  England  Scotland  Wales All on the island of Great Britain  Northern Ireland. United Kingdom Island of

 Political system – parliamentary democratic republic ideal  Economic system – capitalism or market economy  Government services  Education  Public medical & health care (almost all European)  Retirement  Europe's Generous pension systems France recently raised the retirement age from 60 to 62 and the pension age, which determines when people can begin accessing their pension funds, from 65 to 67. The French government says it can no longer afford the earlier retirement and pension ages. France is not the only country facing a budget crunch partially because of its generous pension system, coupled with an aging population and a struggling economy. Across Europe, home to many of the world's most generous national pension systems, countries are struggling to afford this staple of the welfare state. 29

 Indo-European Languages  Germanic Languages (200 million speakers) German, English, Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Icelandic In British Isles, Scandinavia, and Central Europe (north)  Romance Languages (200 million speakers) Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese (mostly in Brazil), Romanian Spoken throughout Southern Europe (Mediterranean)  Slavic Languages (80 million speakers) Largest family of European languages (including Russian) Polish, Czech, Slovakian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Slovenian 31

Separated by physical boundaries! …or Slavic people

33 Language Map of Europe (Fig. 8.17)

 The Schism Between Western and Eastern Christianity Division in 1054 A.D. of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches Greek missionaries refused to accept Roman Catholic hierarchy and rule by Roman bishops Roman Catholics - Latin alphabet Eastern Orthodox - Cyrillic 34

Religion Roman Catholic ProtestantEastern Orthodox Origin/ Dominance Language Organization/ Leadership Rules for leaders Worship Rome, Italy Latin Hierarchy (Pope) Can’t marry, celibate Paintings and statues allowed, worship Mary, mother of Jesus Germany, Britain Vernacular (not specific) Congregation, power divided Can marry, have family No icons, paintings or statues Byzantine Empire (Turkey) Greek Hierarchy (No Pope) Can marry, have family Paintings but no statues, Theotokos (Greek for Mary) 35

 Europe is becoming a secularized society  Secularization: movement away from traditional organized religions  Roman Catholicism (250 million Roman Catholics)  Italy, Spain, Ireland, France, Austria, southern Germany, Poland, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary  Protestantism (fewer than 100 million Protestants)  Northern Germany, Scandinavia, England  Eastern Orthodox Christianity  Yugoslavia, Romania, and Bulgaria 36

 Conflicts with Islam Eastern Europe: Ottoman Turks brought Islam to Balkans (Eastern Europe) Western Europe: Moors (Moroccans) brought Islam to Spain from Northern Africa, ruled for about 700 years Currently fastest growing religion in Europe 37

38 Religions of Europe (Fig. 8.19)

Think-pair-share with a neighbor: 1. Explain the geography of religion in Europe… who is where? 2. Identify the three major Christian groups Europe. 3. Explain the differences between the three major Christian groups in Europe.

Eastern Europe is Culturally Diverse! Many different ethnic groups of people all living in the same place Leads to multiple Languages & Religions Religion: Major ones are Eastern Orthodox Christians, Catholicism, Islam, and Judaism –Result: = conflict Less URBAN than rest of Europe

 Economic Transition in Eastern Europe  Historically, Eastern Europe has been less well developed than Western Europe Has been under control of outsiders (Ottoman Turks, Germans, Soviet Russians)  The Soviet Plan Soviet Russians (communists) redeveloped Eastern Europe after WWII as a command economy (centrally planned and controlled economy, generally associated with socialist or communist countries, in which all goods, services, agricultural and industrial products are strictly regulated) 41

Conflicts over National Identities In Eastern Europe, there have been frequent conflicts over ethnic identities –Why? Centuries of foreign rule = ethnic groups want to fiercely protect their ethnic heritage Wanted to become “nation-states” Examples: Balkan Countries vs. the Ottomans –Fought over who should rule territory Led to “Balkanization”: process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units Political unit of people Who share a common Culture or history

Western and Eastern Divisions Result of Soviet domination: Lack of growth and prospering Eastern Europe cut off from technological advancements Created a boundary between West and East…west more developed, East less developed. Take a minute to annotate your map to show that western/northern Europe are more advanced than Eastern.

Dividing West from East Let’s review… this division became known as the ________________ _____________.

Fall of Communism Fall of Communism led to Independence & Instability –Newly found independence = ethnic loyalties very important –Led to civil wars, which created instability in the region Ex: –Serbian Civil War AKA Yugoslav Wars (didn’t want to split into separate countries) –Czechoslovakia = Czech Republic & Slovakia

Explain this cartoon!

TIME OUT! How much do you know??? Think-pair-share with a neighbor WITHOUT using your notes: 1.What has caused conflicts over national identities in Eastern Europe? 2.How did the fall of the Soviet Union affect Eastern Europe. Give both positive and negative effects.

 Transition and Changes Since 1991 After U.S.S.R. disintegrated, Eastern European countries went through major change Many E Europe countries introduced privatization – the transfer to private ownership of those firms and industries previously owned and run by state governments ***Loss of cheap raw materials and fuel from U.S.S.R. resulted in a drop in industrial output; unemployment and inflation rose 48 Opposite of communism!

 Western Europe is one of the wealthiest areas on earth Progressive approach to environment Ideas of nationalism are giving way to supranationalism and one currency/economic unit. Europe must deal with immigrants and resulting political tension, and address political problems in other regions  Eastern Europe faces very different challenges Political strife and instabilty Economic stagnation Environmental degradation (pollution) Eastern Europe wishes to join the west 49