Bell Ringer #2 – 1/5/10 Read the “Chapter Preview” for Ch 16 on page 540. (gold background) 1.Did W.E.B. Du Bois correctly predict the 20 th Century’s ( ) most critical issue? Why or why not? 2.What cities did many black people move to from the South after 1910?

Booker T. Washington Ch 16, Sn 1 The “Wizard of Tuskegee” Believed Af-Ams should gain skills in labor or agriculture at Tuskegee or Hampton Institutes Highly respected by most Af-Ams; effective in dealing with white businessmen

Booker’s childhood Booker was born a slave in 1856 on a tobacco farm. His mother was a cook, his father a white man from a nearby farm. "The early years of my life, spent in the little cabin, was similar to those of other slaves." he wrote in his autobiography, Up from Slavery. He went to school not as a student, but to carry books for his master’s daughters. "I had the feeling that to get into a schoolhouse and study would be about the same as getting into paradise," he wrote. In 1865 Booker's family was freed and moved to West Virginia. The young boy took a job in a salt mine that began at 4 a.m. so he could attend school later in the day. Within a few years, Booker was taken in as a houseboy by a wealthy towns-woman who further encouraged his learning.

Booker at Hampton Institute At age 16, he walked much of the 500 miles back to Virginia to enroll in a new school for black students. He knew that even poor students could get an education at Hampton Institute, paying their way by working. The head teacher was suspicious of his country ways and ragged clothes. She admitted him only after he had cleaned a room to her satisfaction. He became an instructor at Hampton. Later, as principal and guiding force behind Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, which he founded in 1881, he became recognized as the nation's foremost black educator.

President T. Roosevelt Teddy Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dinner at the White House in 1901 Af-Ams applauded Southern whites were furious – many didn’t believe two races could dine together Pres. Roosevelt continued to consult with Washington

W.E.B. Du Bois First black man to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard; taught at Ohio’s Wilberforce University He believed the “Talented Tenth” was the black elite that must encourage others – upper 10% of black Americans

Excerpt from 1903 DuBois “Talented Tenth” Speech. Of college-bred Negroes, there are: Teachers - 53%, Clergymen-17%, Physicians- 6% Students -6% Lawyers - 5%, In Govt. Service -4%, In Business - 4%, Artisans- 3% Editors & Clerks -3% These figures illustrate the function of the college-bred Negro. He is, as he ought to be, the group leader, the man who sets the ideals of the community and heads its social movements.

More talented tenth speech… It need hardly be argued that the Negro people need social leadership more than most; that they have no long established customs, no strong family ties, no well defined social classes. All these things must be slowly and painfully evolved. The preacher was, even before the war, the group leader of the Negroes, and the church their greatest social institution. The college-bred preacher has an opportunity for reformatory work and moral inspiration, the value of which cannot be overestimated.

The Niagara Movement Set up by W.E.B. Du Bois as an anti-Washington movement in 1905 A select group of individuals were invited to Niagara Falls to meet with Du Bois Education (Du Bois) vs. Skilled Labor (B.T.W.) pid= &bclid= &bctid=

Homework Read Ch 16, Sn 1 (pgs ) Answer all questions & define key terms on page 541 Due Wednesday