Unit Intro & Manifest Destiny Please pick up Class Notes #16 and take out the following: *Focus #16 – turn in maps only for credit *Unit Guide with homework 9, 10, & 11 We will: *introduce the “National Expansion & Civil War” unit *explain how and why Americans moved west to the Pacific in the early 1800s *map America’s expansion westward from 1783 to 1853

Schedule Changes Due to Snow Day Write these down on the unit guide: *Thursday, Dec. 12 (today) - Manifest Destiny, Focus 17 *Monday, Dec. 16 – we will still be in lab 231 to work on the Civil War exhibit – bring materials/research, Focus 17 and H9 collected for credit *Wednesday, Dec. 18 – Polk & the Mexican-American War and Focus 18; QUARTER EXHIBITS ARE STILL DUE THIS DAY! *Friday, Dec. 20 – Quiz #4 and Focus 18: Road to Secession We will need to cancel the exhibition – we will post exhibits in the classroom after break Optional HW 10 and all “Young Republic” make-up materials still due by December 20

The Drive Westward Westward migration in the early 1800s was motivated by: relatively cheap land growth/overcrowding of Northeastern cities due to immigration exhaustion of land due to tobacco/cotton agriculture desire for freedom

Political & Social Factors 1.John Louis O’Sullivan coined the phrase “Manifest Destiny” in the Democratic Review (1839) – expansion as an American “right” 2.Horace Greeley, publisher of the New York Tribune advised, “Go West, young man, go West!” – expansion as a “safety valve” for easing social tensions 3.National Reform Association campaigned for free land with the slogan “vote yourself a farm!” – led to the free-soil movement and eventually the Homestead Act of 1862

Technology Technology advances made expansion/settlement possible: – Samuel F.B. Morse’s telegraph (1832) – Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper (1834) – Samuel Colt’s revolver (1836) – Expansion of the railway network (1830s-on)

American Pioneers Move West Movement of settlers westward predated territorial expansion – Santa Fe Trail connected America with Southwest – growing attraction of California – access to the Pacific – Brigham Young led the Mormons to the Salt Lake basin in the 1840s to escape persecution back east – Oregon Trail started in the 1830s; settlers traveled by Conestoga wagon to the Willamette Valley

Western Trails

Texas Independence Mexico offered land grants to Americans in the 1820s; Stephen Austin was the most successful empresario (land agent) tensions grew between Texans and Mexicans over cultural differences and slavery President Santa Anna imposed taxes, rejected petitions for self-government, and sought to crush open rebellion in 1835 Texas War of Independence ( ) produced an independent Republic of Texas led by its own president, Sam Houston Annexation by the U.S. was delayed by concerns over reopening the slavery debate, since Texans wanted to keep their slaves

“Remember the Alamo!” 9&sceneclipskeyindex=-1 9&sceneclipskeyindex=-1

Westward Expansion Work with your partner to complete Focus 17: Westward Expansion (due by Monday) You can also work to complete Focus 16 (due today) if you have not already done so Both focus activities are being collected for stand-alone formative credit Homework 9 is also due Monday Be prepared to bring exhibit research with you to the work session in lab 231 on Monday