Chapters 7–8 1.Caesar’s Triumph (the perfect tense) 2.The flavor of the perfect 3.The Trojan War retold (again!) in past tenses 4.Third-declension nouns 5.Sum: imperfect and future indicative (and meet possum) 6.Old MacDonald (dative of possession) 7.Infinitive as noun

1. Caesar’s Triumphs Suetonius, Divus Iulius 37: On the day of the triumphal procession over Gaul, … he was almost thrown from his chariot when the axle broke. He climbed the Capitol by torch-light, with forty elephants bearing lamps to the right and to the left. …

1. Caesar’s Triumphs (the perfect tense) … In his triumph over Pontus, one of the carts in the processions had on the front of it a placard (titulus) with the words “I came, I saw, I conquered”, not detailing the events of the campaign, as was the case with the others, but emphasizing the speed with which it was completed.

1. Caesar’s Triumphs (the perfect tense) … vēnī, vīdī, vīcī vēnistī, vīdistī, vīcistī? vēnit, vīdit, vīcit! vēnimus, vīdimus, vīcimus vēnistis, vīdistis, vīcistis? vēnērunt, vīdērunt, vīcērunt! ( or: vēnēre, vīdēre, vīcēre)

1. Caesar’s Triumphs (the perfect tense) … amō, amāre, amāv -ī, amātus timeō, timēre, timu -ī, — videō, vidēre, vīd -ī, vīsus sum, esse, fu -ī, futūrus veniō, venīre, vēn -ī, ventus“to come” vincō, vincere, vīc -ī, victus “to conquer” vīvō, vīvere, vīx -ī, victūrus “to live” person endings for all other finite verbs -ō/-m -s -t -mus -tis -nt perfect active indicative (only!) person endings -ī -istī -it -imus -istis -ērunt/ -ēre vēnī, vīdī, vīxī (Voltaire) The perfect stem

2. The flavors of the perfect *** TWO PAST TENSES IN LATIN *** IMPERFECTPERFECT *** TWO DISTINCT SENSES *** Nātūra aquam cibumque dābat. “(In the Golden Age) Nature gave/used to give/was giving water and food.” Iuppiter Neptūnō imperium pontī dedit. “Jupiter gave Neptune power over the sea.” = HISTORICAL PERFECT “Jupiter has given Neptune power over the sea” = PRESENT PERFECT imperfective aspect (a sense of repetition, habit, state of affairs) (sometimes also a sense of attempt or beginning) perfective aspect (a sense of completion, singularity, simplicity)

3. The Trojan War retold (again!) in past tenses 1. Cassandra clāmāvit: “Ō Trōiānī, equumne in Trōiam portāvistis?” Equus enim puellam terrēbat. 3. Sed tum novus dominus Graecus Cassandram portāvit ē Trōiā in Graeciam. Et puellam nōn amābat dominī fēmina … 2. Cassandra templum Minervae intrāvit. “Ō dea nostra, templum tuum vēlavimus!” Sed Aiax, vir Graecus, festīnābat puellaeque nocuit.

4. Third-declension nouns declensiondefining characeristicexamples 1a rēgīna, -ae f. queen poēta, -ae m. poet NO NEUTER 2u (originally o) cf. Greek phil-os) amīcus, -ī m. friend FEW FEMININE (humus, -ī f. ground) consilium, -iī n. advice 3consonant sol, sōlis m. sun vōx, vōcis f. voice animal, animālis n. animal 4u currus, -ūs m. chariot NO FEMININE cornū, -ūs n. horn 5e speciēs, speciēī f. sight NO MASCULINE OR NEUTER

4. Third-declension nouns pater patriae [nom. sg.] father of the fatherland in vīnō, vēritās [nom. sg.] In wine, truth dux fēmina factī [nom. sg.] A woman (was) leader of the deed ars longa, vīta brevis [nom. sg.] The art (is) long, life (is) short mōs [nom. sg.] maiōrum [gen. pl.] the custom of the ancestors terrā marī que [abl. sg.] By land and sea multās per gentēs et multa per aequora [acc. pl.] through many nations and through many seas (Catullus) Some phrases with third- declension nouns

4. Third-declension nouns declined casesingularplural NOM dux [duc-s] duc-ēs GEN duc-is duc-um [art-ium] DATduc-īduc-ibus ACCduc-emduc-ēs ABLduc-educ-ibus dux, ducis m. māter, mātris f. ars, artis (-ium) f. Masculine and feminine Neuter nūmen, nūminis n. animal, animālis (-ium) n. casesingularplural NOM nūmen nūmin-a [animāl-ia] GEN nūmin-is nūmin-um [animāl-ium] DATnūmin-īnūmin-ibus ACCnūmennūmin-a [animāl-ia] ABLnūmin-e [animāl-ī]nūmin-ibus

4. Third-declension nouns: some sentences and phrases sol, sōlis m. māter, mātris f. ars, artis f. mare, maris (-ium) n. Sol viam monstrat. Māter viam arte monstrat. Sol viam mātrī monstrat. Sol mare monstrat. Sol maria monstrat. Via sōlem monstrat. Mare sōlem monstrat. Ars viam mātri monstrat. sol magnus sol pulcher ars longa mātris miserae mātrī miserae mare altum bonārum artium bonīs artibus

5. Sum: Imperfect and future indicative (and: meet possum) PRESENTIMPERFECTFUTURE amā-habē-amā-bā-habē-bā-amā-bi-habē-bi- amō amās amat amāmus amātis amant habeō habēs habet habēmus habētis habent amābam amābās amābat amābāmus amābātis amābant habēbam habēbās habēbat habēbāmus habēbātis habēbant amābō amābis amābit amābimus amābitis amābunt habēbō habēbis habēbit habēbimus habēbitis habēbunt PRESENTIMPERFECTFUTURE su-/es-possu- /potes- erā - poterā- eri- poteri- sum es est sumus estis sunt possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt eram erās erat erāmus erātis erant poteram poterās poterat poterāmus poterātis poterant erō eris erit erimus eritis erunt poterō poteris poterit poterimus poteritis poterunt sum, esse, fuī, futūrus “to be; exist” possum, potesse, potuī, — “to be able; can” (+ infin.)”

6. Old MacDonald (dative of possession) EnglishLiteral translationPreferred idiomatic translation (dative of possession) Old MacDonald had a farm. Macdonaldus rusticus fundum habēbat. Macdonaldō rusticō fundus erat, oh!

6. Old MacDonald (dative of possession) … Englishpossessor in dative posession in nominative verb “to be” My father has a big cottage. patrī meōcasa magnaest The cottage has many deities. casaemulta nūminasunt Our son shall have the name “Lucius”. fīliō nostrōnōmeneritLūcius (or: Lūciō)

7. Infinitive as (neuter singular) noun Errāre est humānum To err is human Errāvīsse est humānum. To have erred is human. Venīre, vidēre, vincere est Rōmānum. To come, see, conquer is Roman. Vēnisse, vīdisse, vīxisse est Rōmānum. To have come, to have seen, to have conquered is Roman. Rōmānīs nōn placet errāre. To err does not please the Romans. Amāre est vīxisse. To love is to have lived. Nōn possum nōn adamāre tē. I … can’t … help … falling in love … with … you.