By: Brianna Burgess By: Brianna Burgess 7 th period 7 th period

Where did the Apache live?  Southern New Mexico, Arizona, western Texas, Colorado, and also ranging over parts of northern Mexico  Occupied mountains and plains in these areas Area inhabited Chiricahuas

 Originated from Northwestern corner of North America - Broke away from Athabascan tribe of Canada - Migrated south as early as 850 C.E.  Spanish invaded in late 1500s - brought the horse  Comanche pushed them south in 1700s - losing buffalo, began raiding to survive  Indian wars of 1848  Put on reservations in  Chief Geronimo died as a prisoner of war in 1909 Migrating Indians

 Wikiup~ the most common shelter -Made of brush, twigs, mud, & reed mats -fire pit and place for chimney  Nomadic, so didn’t need permanent housing  Plains Apache lived in buckskin tepees  Hogans were used in the desert to keep the heat out - Burnt down when switching camps

Survived on hunting buffalo 35-40% diet was meat 60-65% diet was of wild plants Didn’t fish, eat fish, or eat pork -thought they resembled evil animals limited farming~ corn, beans, squash

Men ~ Deerskin shirt, loin-cloth, leggings, moccasins, Attractive headdresses with symbolic ornamentation Women ~ Short deerskin skirt, shirt, and high-top boot moccasins Both were fond of wearing beaded necklaces & earrings Beaded moccasins

T R A D E T R A D E Spanish invaded in 1500s disrupting trade - Brought the horse - hostilities increased when New Mexico became Spanish colony in 1598 Traded buffalo hides, tallow & meat, salt, bones for scraping hides … Received pottery, cotton, blankets, turquoise, corn … Traded with neighboring tribes Began to rely on raiding for food and other goods

* Language* Spoke Athabascan - Subgroups spoke different dialects What did the Apache speak? Western Apache English Licha`nee Ya`ai Tu` Izdz`an Ndee`n dog sun water Woman Man Da go Te` means Hello Apache comes from Zuni word meaning “enemy” and “fighting men”

Economy Nomadic hunters-gatherers -Hunted large & small game - gathered berries & roots - survived on wild plants cacti fruits, yucca plants, mesquite tree

How did the Apache get around? S p a n i s h b r o u g h t h o r s e s i n A p a c h e r a i d e d t h e i r s e t t l e m e n t s a n d s t o l e h o r s e s h a d d o g s b u t t r a v e l e d m o s t l y b y h o r s e b a c k

Tools- tweezers of tin, fine baskets, pottery, farming tools Weapons- bayonets, bow & arrows, shields, war clubs, sling-shots - arrow tips made of obsidian and other rocks

Men -warriors, hunters, leaders, religious leaders, they buried the dead …etc. - they were too worthy to farm Women -Farmed, gathered berries & roots, took care of family, housework, cooking … etc. - women were extremely important A p a c h e b r i d e

Had Shaman & Medicine Men - Chief Geronimo was a famous Medicine Man and Shaman Very Religious but it was nothing too formal Worshiped Ussen- Creator of Life, Ga’ns- mountain spirits, and other spirits Had many ceremonial dances: - harvest dance, crop dance, girl’s puberty right dance, rain dance, Ga’ns dance & many more

Had many ceremonial dances - music was sung only by tones not words - told stories at ceremonies Art Painted faces brilliant colors fine basketry impressive beadwork Festivals

Was a chiefdom with 6 smaller bands - had a temporary chief, headman, headwomen - a few leaders: Cochise, Victorio, Geronimo Social units based on extended family -western apache were matrilineal - other groups traced descent through both parents - Polygamy was practiced by the men Geronimo About 5,000 Apaches in 1680

W a r / P e a c e / C u l t u r e Indians wars of 1848 ~ constant war with U.S. government & the “white man” – also Mexicans ~ leaders chose by leadership abilities & exploits in war Engaged in fierce wars with government until all Apache tribes were put onto reservations - most were on reservations by 1868 except Chiricahua Apache warriors Only peaceful with own tribe & family

Credits/Bibliography jpg st.htm